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	Cross-Classified Multilevel Models in Education	付加価値モデリング
分野	Education	心理測定学
系統	Regression model	Latent structure
提唱年	1993	1998
提唱者	Multilevel modeling community (Raudenbush; Goldstein; Rasbash & Browne)	William Sanders, Sandra Horn
種類	Multilevel model with units cross-classified by two or more non-nested groupings	Longitudinal student achievement modeling
原典	Goldstein, H. (2011). Multilevel Statistical Models (4th ed.). Wiley. ISBN: 9780470748657	Kane, T. J., Rockoff, J. E., & Staiger, D. O. (2008). What does certification tell us about teacher effectiveness? Evidence from New York City. Economics of Education Review, 27(6), 615-631.
別名	Cross-Classified Random Effects Models, CCREM, Cross-Classified Multilevel Modeling, Multiple Membership Cross-Classified Models	VAM
関連	4	4
概要	Cross-classified multilevel models extend hierarchical linear modeling to situations where units belong to two or more groupings that do not nest neatly inside one another. In education, students are often classified by both school and neighborhood, or by primary and secondary school across time — classifications that cut across each other rather than form a clean hierarchy. These models assign a random effect to each classification simultaneously, partitioning variance among them and yielding correct inferences where a purely nested model would be misspecified.	Value-Added Modeling (VAM) is a method for assessing the contribution of schools or teachers to student achievement growth, developed by Sanders and Horn (1998). VAM isolates the effect of a teacher or school by comparing student gains (value added) while controlling for prior achievement and student characteristics.