手法を比較

	ベイズ的無作為化臨床試験	実用的ランダム化比較試験 ― 実臨床における有効性
分野	疫学	疫学
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	1980s–2000s (formal methodology consolidated ~2004–2006)	1967
提唱者	Donald A. Berry and David J. Spiegelhalter (applied Bayesian inference formally to RCT design)	Daniel Schwartz & Joseph Lellouch
種類	Randomized experimental study with Bayesian inference	Interventional study design
原典	Spiegelhalter, D. J., Abrams, K. R., & Myles, J. P. (2004). Bayesian Approaches to Clinical Trials and Health-Care Evaluation. Wiley. ISBN: 978-0471499756	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637–648.
別名	Bayesian RCT, Bayesian adaptive trial, Bayesian clinical trial design, BRCT	pragmatic RCT, effectiveness trial, real-world RCT, practical clinical trial
関連	5	6
概要	A Bayesian randomized clinical trial (Bayesian RCT) combines the rigour of random treatment allocation with Bayesian statistical inference, allowing researchers to incorporate prior evidence and update beliefs continuously as trial data accumulate. Unlike the classical frequentist RCT, it yields direct probability statements about treatment effects and supports pre-specified adaptive stopping rules based on posterior probabilities.	A pragmatic randomized clinical trial (pragmatic RCT) is an interventional study that tests whether a treatment works under routine clinical conditions, as opposed to the tightly controlled setting of an explanatory trial. It prioritizes broad eligibility, flexible delivery, and patient-relevant outcomes to answer the question 'Does this treatment work in everyday practice?' rather than 'Can this treatment work under ideal circumstances?' The distinction between pragmatic and explanatory trials was formally articulated by Schwartz and Lellouch in 1967 and operationalized by the PRECIS tool in 2009.