手法を比較

	オルタナティブ・メトリクス（Altmetrics）と論文レベル・メトリクス	引用管理ツール	デジタルオブジェクト識別子システム
分野	研究スキル	研究スキル	研究スキル
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	2010 (concept manifesto); 2011 (Altmetric.com platform launch)	2001 (modern era, EndNoteWeb); 2006 (Mendeley); 2006 (Zotero)	1998 (concept); 2001 (widespread adoption)
提唱者	Jason Priem and the altmetrics community (2010)	Academic researchers and librarians; developed since 1980s	Norman Paskin, CrossRef and International DOI Foundation (1998)
種類	Tool	Tool	Standard
原典	Priem, J., Taraborelli, D., Groth, P., & Neylon, C. (2010). Altmetrics: A manifesto. http://altmetrics.org/manifesto/	Booth, A. (2012). Citation management tools. In R. Bosch & K. Winn (Eds.), Reference management and citation software. Library Technology Reports, 48(5), 12–18.	Paskin, N. (2010). Digital Object Identifier (DOI) system. Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences, 3rd ed., 1586–1592. ISBN: 978-0-8493-9712-7
別名	altmetrics, article-level metrics, alternative impact metrics	reference manager, citation software, bibliographic management	DOI, Digital Object Identifier, persistent identifier
関連	4	3	4
概要	Altmetrics (alternative metrics) measure the online attention and societal impact of research by tracking mentions in social media (Twitter), news outlets, policy documents, blogs, videos, and other online sources. Introduced formally in 2010 by Jason Priem and colleagues, altmetrics address limitations of citation-based assessment: citation counts accumulate slowly (taking years for impact to register), do not capture policy influence, and are biased toward certain fields (biomedicine receives more citations than social sciences). Altmetric.com, PlumX, and other platforms now provide real-time data on research reach, complementing traditional journal impact factors and H-indices. While altmetrics should not replace peer-reviewed citations for tenure and promotion, they offer valuable insight into public engagement with research.	Citation management tools are software applications that store, organize, and format bibliographic references. They allow researchers to import citations from databases and websites, annotate and tag articles, organize references by project, and automatically generate formatted in-text citations and bibliographies in multiple styles (APA, Vancouver, Chicago, Harvard). Popular tools include Zotero (free, open-source), Mendeley (Elsevier-owned, freemium), EndNote (commercial, Clarivate), and others. These tools are essential for managing the hundreds to thousands of references accumulate during a research career and for ensuring consistent, accurate citation formatting in academic writing.	A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique, persistent alphanumeric code that identifies a scholarly work (journal article, book chapter, dataset, preprint) and persists even if the URL changes. Introduced in 1998 by Norman Paskin and the International DOI Foundation, DOIs are now standard in academic publishing. They consist of a prefix (assigned to a publisher or organization) and a suffix (assigned to an individual work), formatted as 10.XXXX/XXXXX (e.g., 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097). DOIs are registered with international agencies (CrossRef, DataCite, mEDRA) and resolve through the centralized resolver https://doi.org/, ensuring that a DOI will direct users to the correct article regardless of whether the publisher's website changes location.