手法を比較

	適応型コホート研究	症例対照研究
分野	疫学	疫学
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	2000s–2010s (systematic formalisation)	1950s (formal methodology); precursors in the 1920s
提唱者	Extension of classic cohort methods; adaptive design principles formalised by regulatory and epidemiology communities in the 2000s–2010s	Janet Lane-Claypon (early precursors, 1926); formalized by Brian MacMahon and Jerome Cornfield in the 1950s–1960s
種類	Observational / adaptive epidemiological design	Observational analytic study design
原典	VanderWeele, T. J., & Hernan, M. A. (2012). Results on differential and dependent measurement error of the exposure and the outcome using signed directed acyclic graphs. American Journal of Epidemiology, 175(12), 1303–1310.	Schlesselman, J.J. (1982). Case-Control Studies: Design, Conduct, Analysis. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195027860
別名	adaptive longitudinal study, flexible cohort design, adaptive prospective cohort, ACS	case-referent study, case-control design, retrospective case-control, case-control analysis
関連	4	6
概要	An adaptive cohort study is a longitudinal observational design that follows a defined group of individuals over time to assess exposure-outcome relationships, while incorporating pre-specified adaptation rules that allow protocol modifications — such as sample-size re-estimation, subgroup enrichment, or measurement schedule adjustments — based on accumulating interim data. Adaptations are made without compromising validity, guided by a statistical analysis plan agreed upon before data collection begins.	A case-control study is a retrospective observational design in which individuals who have developed a disease or outcome of interest (cases) are compared with individuals who have not (controls) to determine whether prior exposure to a putative risk factor differs between the two groups. The primary measure of association is the odds ratio, which approximates the relative risk when the outcome is rare. Case-control studies are especially efficient for investigating rare diseases and generating etiological hypotheses.