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	Scala di Desiderabilità Sociale Crowne-Marlowe	Inventario NEO di Personalità
Campo	Psicologia sociale	Psicologia sociale
Famiglia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Anno di origine	1960	1992
Ideatore	Douglas Crowne and David Marlowe	Paul Costa and Robert McCrae
Tipo	Social desirability response bias measurement	Self-report personality questionnaire
Fonte seminale	Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24(4), 349–354.	Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources.
Alias	CMSD, Crowne-Marlowe Scale, Social Desirability Scale	NEO PI-R, Costa and McCrae Personality Inventory
Correlati	3	3
Sintesi	The Crowne-Marlowe Social Desirability Scale (CMSD) is a 33-item self-report measure designed to assess the tendency to present oneself favorably in social contexts, independent of psychopathology. Developed by Douglas Crowne and David Marlowe in 1960, the CMSD measures impression management and social desirability bias—tendencies that confound responses to personality, health, and behavioral questionnaires. The scale has become the standard reference instrument for detecting and controlling social desirability effects in psychological research.	The NEO PI-R is a comprehensive 240-item self-report personality assessment that measures five major personality dimensions and thirty lower-order facets. Developed by Paul Costa and Robert McCrae in the early 1990s, it operationalizes the Five-Factor Model of personality—one of the most empirically validated trait taxonomies in psychological science. The measure has become the gold standard for personality assessment in clinical, research, and occupational settings.