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	CALPHAD	Raffinement Rietveld per XRD
Campo	Scienza dei materiali	Scienza dei materiali
Famiglia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Anno di origine	1970	1969
Ideatore	Larry Kaufman	Hugo Rietveld
Tipo	Computational method	Refinement method
Fonte seminale	Kaufman, L., & Bernstein, H. (1970). Computer Calculation of Phase Diagrams. Academic Press.	Rietveld, H. M. (1969). A profile refinement method for nuclear and magnetic structures. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 2(2), 65-71.
Alias	CALPHAD method, computational thermodynamics	Rietveld refinement, powder diffraction refinement
Correlati	3	3
Sintesi	CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) is a computational method for predicting thermodynamic equilibrium properties and phase diagrams of multicomponent alloys. Pioneered by Larry Kaufman in 1970, CALPHAD combines experimental and computational data to assess thermodynamic properties of phases and subsequently predict equilibrium conditions. It is the standard methodology in physical metallurgy and materials design for alloy development, process optimization, and understanding phase stability.	XRD Rietveld Refinement is a method for extracting detailed crystal structure information from powder diffraction data by comparing observed and calculated diffraction patterns through least-squares refinement. Developed by Hugo Rietveld in 1969, this technique enables determination of atomic positions, occupancies, thermal parameters, and phase fractions directly from powder data without requiring single crystals. It is the standard approach in materials characterization for structural analysis, phase identification, and quantification.