Bandingkan metode

	Penelitian dengan Populasi Rentan	Penolakan Persetujuan Setelah Penjelasan (Informed Consent) dalam Penelitian
Bidang	Etika Penelitian	Etika Penelitian
Keluarga	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Tahun asal	1979	1991
Pencetus	U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; World Health Organization; International research ethics community	U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; International research ethics guidelines
Tipe	Guideline	Guideline
Sumber perintis	U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2018). Protection of Human Subjects. Code of Federal Regulations Title 45, Part 46, Subparts B, C, D.	U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2018). Protection of Human Subjects. Code of Federal Regulations Title 45, Part 46, Section 46.116(c).
Alias	vulnerable subjects, special populations, vulnerable groups, additional protections	consent waiver, waived consent, exempt from consent, research without consent
Terkait	5	5
Ringkasan	Vulnerable populations are groups with limited capacity to protect themselves due to age, cognitive ability, institutional dependency, or social circumstances. Regulatory frameworks in the U.S. (45 CFR 46 Subparts B, C, D) and internationally identify specific vulnerable populations—children, prisoners, pregnant women, cognitively impaired individuals—and mandate additional ethical protections beyond standard informed consent. These protections include obtaining informed consent from surrogate decision-makers (parents, guardians), additional assurances of minimal risk, and enhanced monitoring for safety. Research ethics committees apply heightened scrutiny to studies involving vulnerable populations and may deny approval if special protections are inadequate.	A waiver of informed consent permits research to proceed without obtaining prospective written or verbal consent from participants. This exception to the standard informed consent requirement applies to specific low-risk research scenarios where obtaining consent is impractical, unnecessary, or would compromise research validity. In the U.S., the regulations (45 CFR 46.116) specify four criteria that must be met for an IRB to approve a waiver; similar criteria apply in the UK (Research Ethics Committee) and EU jurisdictions. Waivers are not automatic; researchers must request them explicitly and justify them to the ethics committee, which determines whether the criteria are met.