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| Skala Kepemimpinan Toksik× | Skala Kepercayaan Organisasi× | |
|---|---|---|
| Bidang | Perilaku Organisasi | Perilaku Organisasi |
| Keluarga | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Tahun asal≠ | 2007 | 1996 |
| Pencetus≠ | Einarsen, Aasland, and Skogstad | Aneil K. Mishra |
| Tipe≠ | Observational scale | Self-report scale |
| Sumber perintis≠ | Einarsen, S., Aasland, M. S., & Skogstad, A. (2007). Destructive leadership behaviour: A definition and conceptual model. Leadership Quarterly, 18(3), 207-216. DOI ↗ | Mishra, A. K. (1996). Organizational responses to crisis: The role of mutual trust and top management teams. Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), 842-865. link ↗ |
| Alias≠ | Destructive Leadership Scale | — |
| Terkait | 4 | 4 |
| Ringkasan≠ | The Toxic Leadership Scale (TLS) is a 16-item instrument measuring destructive leadership behaviors including abusive supervision, narcissism, and authoritarian control. Developed by Einarsen, Aasland, and Skogstad in 2007, the TLS identifies harmful leadership behaviors that undermine organizational effectiveness and employee well-being. | The Organizational Trust Scale (OTS) is a 12-item instrument designed to measure interpersonal trust and organizational confidence across four dimensions. Developed by Aneil K. Mishra in 1996, the scale addresses how employees perceive trustworthiness in their organization and leadership. |
| ScholarGateSet data ↗ |
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