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| Razvoj polytomskih ljestvica× | Pojam diferencijalnog funkcioniranja stavke (DIF)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Područje | Psihometrija | Psihometrija |
| Obitelj | Latent structure | Latent structure |
| Godina nastanka≠ | 1969–1982 | 1970s–1993 |
| Tvorac≠ | Samejima, F.; Masters, G. N. (independently) | William H. Angoff and colleagues (ETS); systematized by Holland & Wainer |
| Vrsta≠ | Psychometric scale construction | Item-level bias detection |
| Temeljni izvor≠ | Embretson, S. E. & Reise, S. P. (2000). Item Response Theory for Psychologists. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805828191 | Holland, P. W. & Wainer, H. (Eds.) (1993). Differential Item Functioning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805809589 |
| Drugi nazivi | polytomous item development, ordered-category scale construction, rating scale development, multi-category item development | DIF, item bias analysis, measurement non-equivalence, item-level measurement bias |
| Srodne≠ | 6 | 5 |
| Sažetak≠ | Polytomous scale development is the systematic construction and validation of measurement instruments whose items have three or more ordered response categories — such as Likert-type, rating, or partial-credit items. It applies polytomous item response theory models or ordinal factor analysis methods to evaluate item quality, estimate latent trait levels, and build a psychometrically sound scale. | Differential item functioning identifies test or survey items that behave differently for examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — after controlling for the underlying ability or trait being measured. DIF analysis is essential for fairness evaluation in educational testing and psychological scale development. |
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