Usporedite metode

	Paleodemographic Analysis	Number of Identified Specimens (NISP)	Osteological Age & Sex Estimation
Područje	Arheologija	Arheologija	Arheologija
Obitelj	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Godina nastanka	1982	2008	1994
Tvorac	Jean-Pierre Bocquet-Appel & Claude Masset (critique); Rostock School (hazard-model solution)	Standard zooarchaeological practice; statistical properties formalized by Donald Grayson and R. Lee Lyman	Jane Buikstra & Douglas Ubelaker (Standards synthesis)
Vrsta	Inferential pipeline for estimating mortality, fertility, and age structure from skeletal age-at-death distributions	Primary observational tally of identified bone specimens per taxon	Standardized osteological pipeline for estimating age-at-death and biological sex
Temeljni izvor	Bocquet-Appel, J.-P., & Masset, C. (1982). Farewell to Paleodemography. Journal of Human Evolution, 11(4), 321-333.	Reitz, E. J., & Wing, E. S. (2008). Zooarchaeology (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780521673938	Buikstra, J. E., & Ubelaker, D. H. (1994). Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains. Arkansas Archeological Survey Research Series No. 44. ISBN: 9781563490750
Drugi nazivi	Paleodemography, Skeletal Demography, Past Population Mortality Analysis, Osteological Demography	NISP, Identified Specimen Count, Faunal Fragment Count, Specimen Tally	Skeletal Age Estimation, Age-at-Death Estimation, Biological Profile Estimation, Osteological Aging and Sexing
Srodne	2	2	2
Sažetak	Paleodemographic analysis reconstructs the demographic life of past populations — their mortality schedules, life expectancy, age structure, and fertility — from the age-at-death distributions of skeletal samples. It begins from the per-individual ages produced by osteological estimation and aggregates them into life tables or, increasingly, fits formal mortality models. The field was reshaped by Bocquet-Appel and Masset's bracing 1982 critique, 'Farewell to Paleodemography,' which exposed two fatal biases: the tendency of skeletal age estimates to mimic the age structure of the reference sample rather than the target population, and the corrupting effect of age-estimation error. The modern response, developed by the Rostock School and others, abandons naive life tables in favor of hazard models and Bayesian estimation that treat the observed data as the noisy product of a true mortality schedule.	The number of identified specimens, universally abbreviated NISP, is the most basic quantitative measure in zooarchaeology: a simple count of every bone or bone fragment that an analyst can identify to a taxon. It is the first number computed for almost any faunal assemblage because it is fast, transparent, additive across deposits, and reproducible. Yet, as Reitz and Wing emphasize and Lyman dissects in detail, NISP is an observation count rather than an animal count, and it is distorted by fragmentation, by recovery technique, and by the fact that fragments of a single bone are not independent of one another. Understanding precisely what NISP does and does not measure is the foundation on which all other faunal abundance estimates rest.	Osteological age and sex estimation is the foundational bioarchaeological procedure for building a biological profile from human skeletal remains: estimating how old an individual was at death and determining their biological sex. The skeleton changes in patterned ways across life — teeth form and erupt, growth plates fuse, and joint surfaces and bone microstructure gradually degenerate — and these changes are scored against reference standards to bracket age, while sexually dimorphic features of the pelvis and skull indicate sex. The standardized recording protocols compiled by Jane Buikstra and Douglas Ubelaker provide the discipline's shared methodology, ensuring that age and sex estimates are comparable across analysts and collections. Because the relationship between skeletal change and chronological age is variable, the method emphasizes multiple indicators and explicit uncertainty.