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| COSY× | HSQC× | NOESY× | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Područje | Spektroskopija | Spektroskopija | Spektroskopija |
| Obitelj | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Godina nastanka≠ | 1976 | 1980 | 1981 |
| Tvorac≠ | Wüthrich Kurt | Anil Kumar | Richard Ernst |
| Vrsta≠ | Two-dimensional pulse sequence | Heteronuclear correlation sequence | Two-dimensional pulse sequence |
| Temeljni izvor≠ | Aue, W. P., Bartholdi, E., & Ernst, R. R. (1976). Two-dimensional spectroscopy. Application to nuclear magnetic resonance. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 64(5), 2229-2246. DOI ↗ | Bodenhausen, G., & Ruben, D. J. (1981). Natural abundance nitrogen-15 NMR by enhanced heteronuclear spectroscopy. Chemical Physics Letters, 69(2), 185-189. DOI ↗ | Aue, W. P., Bartholdi, E., & Ernst, R. R. (1976). Two-dimensional spectroscopy. Application to nuclear magnetic resonance. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 64(5), 2229-2246. DOI ↗ |
| Drugi nazivi | COSY NMR, 2D COSY, 1H-1H COSY | HSQC NMR, 1H-13C HSQC, heteronuclear correlation | NOE spectroscopy, 2D NOESY, NOE NMR |
| Srodne≠ | 4 | 4 | 3 |
| Sažetak≠ | Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY) is a two-dimensional NMR technique that correlates proton chemical shifts through scalar coupling (J-coupling), revealing which protons are magnetically coupled and hence bonded through multiple bonds. Developed by Aue, Bartholdi, and Ernst in 1976, COSY became one of the most important tools in structural elucidation, enabling chemists to map out proton connectivity patterns and deduce molecular topology without isotopic labeling. | Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Coherence (HSQC) is a 2D NMR technique that correlates proton and carbon-13 (or other heteronuclei) chemical shifts through one-bond coupling constants (1JHX). Developed in the early 1980s, HSQC rapidly became the workhorse of structural chemistry because it directly maps which carbons bear which protons, providing a comprehensive view of carbon skeleton connectivity and substitution patterns. | Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement Spectroscopy (NOESY) is a 2D NMR technique that detects through-space dipolar coupling between protons, rather than through-bond scalar coupling. Introduced by Macura and Ernst in 1981, NOESY reveals which protons are spatially close in the three-dimensional structure, independent of bonding connectivity. This makes NOESY invaluable for determining molecular conformation, assigning stereochemistry, and elucidating protein folds. |
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