विधियों की तुलना करें
चुनी हुई विधियों की आमने-सामने समीक्षा करें; भिन्नता वाली पंक्तियाँ रेखांकित हैं।
| संज्ञान की आवश्यकता का पैमाना× | सामान्य आत्म-प्रभावकारिता पैमाना× | |
|---|---|---|
| क्षेत्र | सामाजिक मनोविज्ञान | सामाजिक मनोविज्ञान |
| परिवार | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| उद्भव वर्ष≠ | 1982 | 1995 |
| प्रवर्तक≠ | John Cacioppo and Richard Petty | Ralf Schwarzer and Matthias Jerusalem |
| प्रकार≠ | Intellectual engagement and cognitive motivation measure | Generalized self-efficacy and coping capacity measure |
| मौलिक स्रोत≠ | Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1982). The need for cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(1), 116–131. DOI ↗ | Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-Efficacy scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston (Eds.), Measures in health psychology: A user's portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35–37). NFER-Nelson. ISBN: 978-0700522286 |
| उपनाम | NCS, Cacioppo Need for Cognition, Intellectual Engagement Scale | GSE, Schwarzer Self-Efficacy, General Self-Efficacy |
| संबंधित | 3 | 3 |
| सारांश≠ | The Need for Cognition Scale (NCS) is an 18-item measure assessing individual differences in the tendency to engage in and enjoy cognitive effort. Developed by John Cacioppo and Richard Petty in 1982, the NCS operationalizes need for cognition as a stable personality trait reflecting preference for thinking about complex problems, enthusiasm for intellectual pursuits, and intrinsic enjoyment of cognitive challenge. A brief 9-item version (NCS-9) is also available. The scale has become standard in psychology research examining motivation for learning, persuasion, decision-making, and academic achievement. | The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) is a 10-item measure assessing beliefs in one's ability to handle difficult situations and to cope with challenges through adaptive effort. Developed by Ralf Schwarzer and Matthias Jerusalem in the mid-1990s, the GSE operationalizes self-efficacy as a generalized confidence in one's capacity to manage stressors across diverse situations, rather than task-specific confidence. The scale has become widely used in health psychology, occupational research, and studies examining resilience and adaptive coping. |
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