Comparer des méthodes

	Apprentissage par transfert	Apprentissage à peu d'exemples	Apprentissage auto-supervisé	Apprentissage semi-supervisé
Domaine	Apprentissage automatique	Apprentissage automatique	Apprentissage automatique	Apprentissage automatique
Famille	Machine learning	Machine learning	Machine learning	Machine learning
Année d'origine	2010 (formalized); 1990s (early roots)	2011–2017	2018–2020	1970s–2006 (formalized)
Auteur d'origine	Pan, S. J. & Yang, Q. (survey); Bengio, Y. (deep learning framing)	Lake, B. M.; Vinyals, O.; Finn, C. et al.	LeCun, Y. and community (formalized ~2018–2020)	Vapnik, V. N. and others (community of researchers, 1970s–2000s)
Type	Learning paradigm	Meta-learning / low-data learning paradigm	Representation learning paradigm	Learning paradigm
Source fondatrice	Pan, S. J., & Yang, Q. (2010). A Survey on Transfer Learning. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 22(10), 1345–1359.	Vinyals, O., Blundell, C., Lillicrap, T., Wierstra, D., & Kavukcuoglu, K. (2016). Matching Networks for One Shot Learning. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), 29.	LeCun, Y. & Misra, I. (2022). Self-supervised learning: The dark matter of intelligence. Meta AI Blog. https://ai.facebook.com/blog/self-supervised-learning-the-dark-matter-of-intelligence/	Chapelle, O., Scholkopf, B., & Zien, A. (Eds.) (2006). Semi-Supervised Learning. MIT Press. ISBN: 978-0-262-03358-9
Alias	TL, domain adaptation, fine-tuning, pre-trained model adaptation	FSL, low-shot learning, k-shot learning, meta-learning for few examples	SSL, self-supervised pre-training, pretext-task learning, unsupervised representation learning	SSL, semi-supervised machine learning, transductive learning, label-efficient learning
Apparentées	3	4	3	5
Résumé	Transfer learning is a machine learning paradigm in which knowledge gained from training a model on a source task or domain is reused to improve learning on a different but related target task or domain. It is especially powerful when labeled data for the target task is scarce, and it underlies most modern deep learning applications in computer vision, natural language processing, and beyond.	Few-shot learning is a machine learning paradigm that trains models to recognize new classes or solve new tasks from only a handful of labeled examples — typically one to five — by leveraging prior knowledge acquired from a large, related training distribution. It is especially relevant in domains where labeling is expensive, scarce, or structurally limited.	Self-supervised learning (SSL) is a machine-learning paradigm that generates its own supervisory signal directly from unlabeled data by defining an auxiliary pretext task — such as predicting masked words, rotating images, or contrasting augmented views — and uses the learned representations as a powerful starting point for downstream tasks with minimal labeled examples.	Semi-supervised learning (SSL) is a machine learning paradigm that trains models using a small set of labeled examples together with a much larger pool of unlabeled data. By leveraging the structure inherent in unlabeled data, SSL achieves accuracy closer to fully supervised models while requiring far fewer costly manual labels — making it practical when labeling is expensive, slow, or resource-constrained.