Vertaile menetelmiä

	Kolmitasoiset päätökset	tapauspohjainen päättely (CBR)	Granular Computing (Information Granulation)
Tieteenala	Pehmeä laskenta	Pehmeä laskenta	Pehmeä laskenta
Menetelmäperhe	Machine learning	Machine learning	Machine learning
Syntyvuosi	2010	1994	1997
Kehittäjä	Yiyu Yao	Janet Kolodner; Agnar Aamodt & Enric Plaza (R4 cycle)	Lotfi A. Zadeh (information granulation); developed by Pedrycz, Skowron, Yao
Tyyppi	Decision-theoretic classification framework	Experience-based (analogical) problem solving	Framework for multi-granularity information processing
Alkuperäislähde	Yao, Y. (2010). Three-way decisions with probabilistic rough sets. Information Sciences, 180(3), 341–353.	Aamodt, A., & Plaza, E. (1994). Case-based reasoning: Foundational issues, methodological variations, and system approaches. AI Communications, 7(1), 39–59.	Zadeh, L. A. (1997). Toward a theory of fuzzy information granulation and its centrality in human reasoning and fuzzy logic. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 90(2), 111–127.
Rinnakkaisnimet	3WD, Trisecting-and-Acting, Tri-partition Decision Making, Üç Yönlü Kararlar	CBR, case-based reasoning cycle, analogy-based reasoning, vaka tabanlı akıl yürütme	information granulation, computing with granules, three-way granular computing, tanecikli hesaplama
Liittyvät	2	2	3
Tiivistelmä	Three-Way Decisions (3WD) is a decision-theoretic framework, introduced by Yiyu Yao in 2010, that partitions the universe of objects into three regions—positive (accept), negative (reject), and boundary (abstain)—using probabilistic rough set theory. Unlike binary classifiers that force every object into one of two classes, 3WD explicitly acknowledges uncertainty by allowing a third option: deferring judgment when available evidence is insufficient for a confident decision.	Case-based reasoning solves a new problem by retrieving similar problems solved in the past and adapting their solutions, rather than reasoning from first principles or a trained statistical model. Formalized as the Retrieve-Reuse-Revise-Retain cycle by Aamodt and Plaza in 1994 and popularized by Janet Kolodner, CBR mirrors how human experts in medicine, law, and engineering reason by analogy from remembered cases, and it learns simply by storing each newly solved case.	Granular computing is a problem-solving paradigm that processes information in 'granules' — clumps of objects drawn together by indistinguishability, similarity, or functionality — rather than at the level of individual data points. Articulated by Lotfi Zadeh in 1997 as fuzzy information granulation and developed into a broad framework, it provides a unifying umbrella over fuzzy sets, rough sets, and interval methods, letting analysis move to whichever level of detail a problem actually requires.