Vertaile menetelmiä

	Paneeli KSS	Poikkileikkaus-ARDL	Paneeli DF-GLS
Tieteenala	Ekonometria	Ekonometria	Ekonometria
Menetelmäperhe	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model
Syntyvuosi	1992	2006	1996
Kehittäjä	Kwiatkowski, Phillips, Schmidt, and Shin (panel version by Hadri)	Pesaran and colleagues	Elliott, Rothenberg, and Stock (adapted to panels)
Tyyppi	Unit-root test	Dynamic panel model	Stationarity test
Alkuperäislähde	Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P. C., Schmidt, P., & Shin, Y. (1992). Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root. Journal of Econometrics, 54(1-3), 159-178.	Pesaran, M. H., & Smith, R. (2016). Testing weak cross-sectional dependence in large panels. Econometric Reviews, 34(6-10), 1089-1117.	Elliott, G., Rothenberg, T. J., & Stock, J. H. (1996). Efficient tests for an autoregressive unit root. Econometric Reviews, 13(4), 469-497.
Rinnakkaisnimet	Panel stationarity test	Panel ARDL with cross-sectional dependence	Panel unit-root test
Liittyvät	3	3	3
Tiivistelmä	The Panel KSS test reverses the null hypothesis of unit-root tests: it tests whether variables are stationary (stationarity is the null) versus nonstationary (unit root is the alternative). Introduced by Kwiatkowski et al. (1992) and extended to panels by Hadri (2000), this complementary approach provides robustness when combined with unit-root tests like Panel DF-GLS. Using both tests together reduces the risk of erroneous conclusions about variable persistence.	CS-ARDL (Cross-Sectional ARDL) applies the ARDL framework to panel data while explicitly accounting for cross-sectional dependence—correlation of shocks and relationships across units (countries, firms, regions). Introduced by Pesaran and colleagues (2016), it extends panel ARDL methods to handle common factors or global shocks affecting all units simultaneously. This is crucial for realistic modeling of internationally integrated economies and firm networks.	Panel DF-GLS extends the Elliott, Rothenberg, and Stock (1996) GLS unit-root test to panel data, combining cross-sectional and time-series information to test whether variables contain unit roots. Introduced by Hadri and colleagues (2005), it is more powerful than standard panel unit-root tests (IPS, LLC) due to its GLS detrending approach. This test is essential for establishing stationarity before fitting cointegration or dynamic panel models.