مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	پرسشنامه فرآیند مطالعه	مقیاس تمایلات تفکر انتقادی
حوزه	روان‌شناسی تربیتی	روان‌شناسی تربیتی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1987	1992
پدیدآور	John Biggs	Peter Facione
نوع	Self-report learning process inventory	Critical thinking propensity measurement
منبع بنیادین	Biggs, J. B. (1987). Study Process Questionnaire: A New Instrument for Assessing Ways of Learning. Educational Research and Perspectives, 14(1), 1-8.	Facione, P. A., Facione, N. C., & Giancarlo, C. A. F. (1992). The California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory. Insight Assessment, Millbrae, CA.
نام‌های دیگر	SPQ, Learning Process Questionnaire, LPQ	CTDS, California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory, CCTDI
مرتبط	4	4
خلاصه	The Study Process Questionnaire (SPQ) is a self-report instrument developed by John Biggs to identify the approaches and processes students use when learning. It assesses three dimensions: deep learning approach (seeking understanding and making connections), surface learning approach (memorizing and reproducing), and achieving/strategic approach (aiming for high grades). Understanding students' study processes helps educators identify learning challenges and tailor support.	The Critical Thinking Dispositions Scale (CTDS), exemplified by the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CCTDI), measures the extent to which individuals exhibit cognitive dispositions conducive to critical thinking. Developed by Facione (1992), it assesses dimensions including truth-seeking, open-mindedness, analytical orientation, self-confidence, systematic approach, and inquisitiveness. Critical thinking dispositions—the habits of mind and values that support rigorous reasoning—are distinct from but complementary to critical thinking skills.