مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	الگوریتم ژنتیک	بهینه‌سازی کلونی مورچگان	الگوریتم مرتب‌سازی غیرمغلوب ژنتیکی II (NSGA-II)	بهینه‌سازی ازدحام ذرات (PSO)
حوزه	بهینه‌سازی	بهینه‌سازی	بهینه‌سازی	بهینه‌سازی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1975	1992 (foundational thesis); 1997 (Ant Colony System formalization)	2002	1995
پدیدآور	John Henry Holland	—	—	—
نوع	Population-based metaheuristic	Metaheuristic — swarm intelligence	Evolutionary multi-objective optimisation algorithm	Population-based metaheuristic / swarm intelligence
منبع بنیادین	Holland, J.H. (1975). Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems. University of Michigan Press.	Dorigo, M. & Gambardella, L.M. (1997). Ant Colony System: A Cooperative Learning Approach to the Traveling Salesman Problem. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 1(1), 53-66.	Deb, K., Pratap, A., Agarwal, S. & Meyarivan, T. (2002). A Fast and Elitist Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm: NSGA-II. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 6(2), 182-197.	Kennedy, J. & Eberhart, R. (1995). Particle Swarm Optimization. IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks (ICNN), 1942-1948.
نام‌های دیگر	GA, evolutionary algorithm, Genetik Algoritma — Evrimsel Optimizasyon	ACO, Karınca Kolonisi Optimizasyonu (ACO), ant colony system	NSGA2, Non-dominated Sorting GA II, NSGA-II — Çok Amaçlı Evrimsel Optimizasyon	PSO, swarm intelligence optimization, Parçacık Sürü Optimizasyonu (PSO)
مرتبط	5	5	4	6
خلاصه	A genetic algorithm (GA) is a population-based metaheuristic optimization method introduced by John Henry Holland (1975) that mimics the principles of natural selection. It maintains a population of candidate solutions and iteratively improves them through selection, crossover, and mutation operators, making it especially powerful on discontinuous, non-convex, and multi-modal search spaces where classical gradient-based methods fail.	Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is a metaheuristic algorithm introduced by Marco Dorigo and colleagues in the early 1990s that solves combinatorial optimisation problems by simulating the collective foraging behaviour of ants. Real ants lay pheromone trails on paths and preferentially follow stronger trails; ACO turns this positive-feedback mechanism into a search procedure that finds high-quality solutions to graph-structured problems such as the Travelling Salesman Problem, vehicle routing, and scheduling.	NSGA-II (Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II) is the standard reference algorithm for multi-objective evolutionary optimisation, introduced by Deb, Pratap, Agarwal and Meyarivan in 2002. Rather than collapsing multiple conflicting objectives into a single score, it evolves a population of candidate solutions across generations and returns a set of Pareto-optimal trade-off solutions — the Pareto front — using fast non-dominated sorting and a crowding distance metric to preserve diversity.	Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a population-based metaheuristic algorithm introduced by Kennedy and Eberhart in 1995, inspired by the collective movement of bird flocks and fish schools. Each candidate solution — called a particle — moves through the search space by updating its velocity and position based on its own best experience and the best experience of the entire swarm, enabling fast convergence across continuous optimization problems.