مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	مصاحبه خبره	پژوهش عملیاتی	روش دلفی
حوزه	کیفی	پژوهش کیفی	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1970s–1990s (methodologically systematized)	1946	1963
پدیدآور	Meuser & Nagel (methodological codification, 1991); roots in elite interview tradition (Dexter, 1970)	Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury	Norman Dalkey & Olaf Helmer (RAND Corporation)
نوع	Qualitative research method	Method	Structured iterative expert-elicitation process
منبع بنیادین	Bogner, A., Littig, B., & Menz, W. (Eds.). (2009). Interviewing Experts. Palgrave Macmillan.	Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46.	Dalkey, N. & Helmer, O. (1963). An Experimental Application of the Delphi Method to the Use of Experts. Management Science, 9(3), 458-467.
نام‌های دیگر	elite interview, key informant interview, specialist interview	Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry	Delphi Yöntemi, Delphi technique, expert consensus method
مرتبط	6	1	5
خلاصه	The expert interview is a qualitative method in which researchers conduct in-depth, semi-structured conversations with individuals who hold specialised knowledge, experience, or decision-making authority in a defined field. Unlike general population interviews that target subjective lived experience, expert interviews treat respondents as proxies for a broader institutional or professional knowledge domain. The method is widely used in policy research, organisational studies, science and technology studies, and applied social sciences to map tacit professional knowledge, reconstruct decision processes, and triangulate documentary sources.	Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement.	The Delphi method is a structured, iterative survey technique developed by Norman Dalkey and Olaf Helmer at the RAND Corporation in 1963 for eliciting and converging expert opinion on complex topics where empirical data are unavailable or insufficient. It collects independent judgements from a geographically dispersed expert panel over multiple anonymous rounds, feeding aggregated results back to participants after each round so they can revise their views in light of the group's collective position.