مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	پژوهش عملیاتی	روش دلفی
حوزه	پژوهش کیفی	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1946	1963
پدیدآور	Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury	Norman Dalkey & Olaf Helmer (RAND Corporation)
نوع	Method	Structured iterative expert-elicitation process
منبع بنیادین	Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46.	Dalkey, N. & Helmer, O. (1963). An Experimental Application of the Delphi Method to the Use of Experts. Management Science, 9(3), 458-467.
نام‌های دیگر	Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry	Delphi Yöntemi, Delphi technique, expert consensus method
مرتبط	1	5
خلاصه	Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement.	The Delphi method is a structured, iterative survey technique developed by Norman Dalkey and Olaf Helmer at the RAND Corporation in 1963 for eliciting and converging expert opinion on complex topics where empirical data are unavailable or insufficient. It collects independent judgements from a geographically dispersed expert panel over multiple anonymous rounds, feeding aggregated results back to participants after each round so they can revise their views in light of the group's collective position.