مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	برآورد دوگانه استوار در پژوهش‌های آموزشی	تطابق امتیاز تمایل (Propensity Score Matching)
حوزه	استنتاج علّی	آمار پژوهش
خانواده	Regression model	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1994-2005	1983
پدیدآور	Robins, Rotnitzky & Zhao (1994); Bang & Robins (2005)	Paul Rosenbaum and Donald Rubin
نوع	Causal inference / semiparametric estimator	Method
منبع بنیادین	Bang, H., & Robins, J. M. (2005). Doubly Robust Estimation in Missing Data and Causal Inference Models. Biometrics, 61(4), 962-973.	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55.
نام‌های دیگر	DR estimator in education, AIPW in education, augmented IPW in education research, doubly robust causal estimation for educational outcomes	PSM, propensity score weighting, covariate balance
مرتبط	6	3
خلاصه	Doubly robust estimation (DR) is a semiparametric causal inference approach that combines an outcome regression model with a propensity score model. In education research, it is used to estimate the causal effect of educational programs, interventions, or policies on student outcomes when treatment assignment is non-random but observed covariates can account for selection bias. The estimator is consistent if either — not necessarily both — of the two component models is correctly specified.	Propensity score matching (PSM) is a method for reducing confounding bias in observational studies by balancing baseline characteristics between treatment groups, simulating randomization. Developed by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983), it estimates the probability of receiving treatment given observed covariates, then matches or weights treated and control individuals with similar treatment probabilities. Widely used in medicine, epidemiology, and policy evaluation when randomized trials are infeasible or unethical, enabling estimation of treatment effects while controlling for selection bias.