مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	مدل تاخیر توزیع‌شده مقطعی (CS-DL)	مدل NARDL مقطعی	پیش‌بینی‌های محلی
حوزه	اقتصادسنجی	اقتصادسنجی	اقتصادسنجی
خانواده	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model
سال پیدایش	2001	2014	2005
پدیدآور	Pesaran, Shin, and Smith	Yongcheol Shin and colleagues	Oscar Jorda
نوع	Distributed lag model	Asymmetric panel model	Multi-horizon regression
منبع بنیادین	Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships and dynamics. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.	Shin, Y., Yu, B., & Greenwood-Nimmo, M. (2014). Modelling asymmetric cointegration and dynamic multipliers in a system of nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag equations. Econometric Reviews, 33(1), 56-87.	Jorda, O. (2005). Estimation and inference of impulse responses by local projections. American Economic Review, 95(1), 161-182.
نام‌های دیگر	Panel distributed lag model	NARDL panel	LP-IR, Multi-horizon regression
مرتبط	3	3	3
خلاصه	CS-DL (Cross-Sectional Distributed Lag) is a simplified dynamic panel model regressing outcomes on current and lagged explanatory variables without explicit autoregressive terms, while accounting for cross-sectional dependence. Built on Pesaran et al. (2001) and extended by Chudik et al. (2014), it estimates dynamic effects more parsimoniously than ARDL when autocorrelated lags are less critical. This approach is valuable for short-horizon effects and policy impact analysis.	CS-NARDL extends the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model to panel data, capturing asymmetric long-run and short-run relationships where positive and negative changes in explanatory variables have differential effects. Introduced by Shin et al. (2014) and adapted to panels, it allows studying how cross-sectional units respond differently to positive versus negative shocks while maintaining cointegrating relationships. This approach is essential for understanding economic asymmetries in commodity markets, monetary transmission, and labor markets.	Local Projections (LP) is a semi-parametric method for estimating impulse responses directly via multi-horizon regressions, bypassing VAR-model specification. Introduced by Jorda (2005), it projects outcomes h periods ahead onto current shocks and lags, producing impulse-response functions without assuming a particular lag structure or VAR order. This flexibility has made it the dominant approach in applied macroeconomics for measuring policy effects and shock transmission.