مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	ARDL مقطعی	مدل NARDL مقطعی	پیش‌بینی‌های محلی
حوزه	اقتصادسنجی	اقتصادسنجی	اقتصادسنجی
خانواده	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model
سال پیدایش	2006	2014	2005
پدیدآور	Pesaran and colleagues	Yongcheol Shin and colleagues	Oscar Jorda
نوع	Dynamic panel model	Asymmetric panel model	Multi-horizon regression
منبع بنیادین	Pesaran, M. H., & Smith, R. (2016). Testing weak cross-sectional dependence in large panels. Econometric Reviews, 34(6-10), 1089-1117.	Shin, Y., Yu, B., & Greenwood-Nimmo, M. (2014). Modelling asymmetric cointegration and dynamic multipliers in a system of nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag equations. Econometric Reviews, 33(1), 56-87.	Jorda, O. (2005). Estimation and inference of impulse responses by local projections. American Economic Review, 95(1), 161-182.
نام‌های دیگر	Panel ARDL with cross-sectional dependence	NARDL panel	LP-IR, Multi-horizon regression
مرتبط	3	3	3
خلاصه	CS-ARDL (Cross-Sectional ARDL) applies the ARDL framework to panel data while explicitly accounting for cross-sectional dependence—correlation of shocks and relationships across units (countries, firms, regions). Introduced by Pesaran and colleagues (2016), it extends panel ARDL methods to handle common factors or global shocks affecting all units simultaneously. This is crucial for realistic modeling of internationally integrated economies and firm networks.	CS-NARDL extends the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model to panel data, capturing asymmetric long-run and short-run relationships where positive and negative changes in explanatory variables have differential effects. Introduced by Shin et al. (2014) and adapted to panels, it allows studying how cross-sectional units respond differently to positive versus negative shocks while maintaining cointegrating relationships. This approach is essential for understanding economic asymmetries in commodity markets, monetary transmission, and labor markets.	Local Projections (LP) is a semi-parametric method for estimating impulse responses directly via multi-horizon regressions, bypassing VAR-model specification. Introduced by Jorda (2005), it projects outcomes h periods ahead onto current shocks and lags, producing impulse-response functions without assuming a particular lag structure or VAR order. This flexibility has made it the dominant approach in applied macroeconomics for measuring policy effects and shock transmission.