مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	آزمون CIPS	آزمون چولگی افزوده مقطعی (CADF)	آزمون PANIC: تحلیل ریشه‌ی واحد پنل با تجزیه عامل مشترک
حوزه	اقتصادسنجی	اقتصادسنجی	اقتصادسنجی
خانواده	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test
سال پیدایش	2007	2007	2004
پدیدآور	M. Hashem Pesaran	M. Hashem Pesaran	Jushan Bai & Serena Ng
نوع	Panel unit-root test with cross-section dependence	Panel unit-root test with cross-sectional augmentation	Panel unit root test
منبع بنیادین	Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265–312.	Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265–312.	Bai, J., & Ng, S. (2004). A PANIC attack on unit roots and cointegration. Econometrica, 72(4), 1127–1177.
نام‌های دیگر	Pesaran CIPS Test, Cross-Sectionally Augmented IPS, Second-Generation Panel Unit-Root Test, CIPS Birim Kök Testi	Cross-Sectionally Augmented ADF, Panel CADF Test, Pesaran Panel Unit Root Test, CADF Birim Kök Testi	Panel Analysis of Non-stationarity in Idiosyncratic and Common Components, Bai-Ng PANIC Test, Second-Generation Panel Unit Root Test, Panel Birim Kök Testi (PANIC)
مرتبط	3	3	3
خلاصه	The CIPS test, introduced by Pesaran (2007), is a second-generation panel unit-root test designed for panels in which the cross-sectional units share unobserved common factors that induce cross-section dependence. By augmenting each individual ADF regression with cross-sectional averages and their lags, the CIPS test accounts for this dependence and produces reliable inference where first-generation tests such as the original IPS test break down. It is widely applied in macroeconomic and finance panels where shocks propagate across countries or regions.	The Cross-sectionally Augmented Dickey-Fuller (CADF) test, introduced by Pesaran (2007), is a second-generation panel unit-root test designed to handle cross-sectional dependence among panel units. Unlike first-generation panel unit-root tests that assume cross-sectional independence, the CADF test augments individual ADF regressions with cross-sectional averages of lagged levels and first differences, making it suitable for macro-panels and cross-country studies where common factors drive co-movement.	PANIC (Panel Analysis of Non-stationarity in Idiosyncratic and Common Components) is a second-generation panel unit root test introduced by Bai and Ng (2004). It decomposes each panel series into common factors and idiosyncratic components, then tests for unit roots in each part separately, making it robust to cross-sectional dependence — a critical limitation of first-generation tests such as IPS or LLC.