Process / pipelineHeteronuclear 2D NMR
HSQC
Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Coherence (HSQC) is a 2D NMR technique that correlates proton and carbon-13 (or other heteronuclei) chemical shifts through one-bond coupling constants (1JHX). Developed in the early 1980s, HSQC rapidly became the workhorse of structural chemistry because it directly maps which carbons bear which protons, providing a comprehensive view of carbon skeleton connectivity and substitution patterns.
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Sources
- Bodenhausen, G., & Ruben, D. J. (1981). Natural abundance nitrogen-15 NMR by enhanced heteronuclear spectroscopy. Chemical Physics Letters, 69(2), 185-189. DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(80)85043-4 ↗
- Patt, S. L., & Shoolery, J. N. (1992). Attached proton test (APT). Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 46(3), 535-539. DOI: 10.1016/0022-2364(82)90208-5 ↗
- Bax, A., Griffey, R. H., & Hawkins, B. L. (1983). Correlation of proton and nitrogen-15 chemical shifts by heteronuclear multiquantum NMR. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 105(24), 7188-7190. DOI: 10.1021/ja00363a002 ↗