Social Media Anxiety Scale
Social Media Anxiety Scale (SMAS) · Also known as: SMAS, Social Media Anxiety, Fear of Missing Out Anxiety
The Social Media Anxiety Scale measures the extent to which individuals experience anxiety, apprehension, and psychological distress related to social media use. Developed by Przybylski and colleagues (2013) and expanded by Elhai and colleagues, the scale captures the 'Fear of Missing Out' (FOMO) construct—anxiety about missing important social events or information if not actively monitoring social media—alongside broader concerns about social comparison, peer judgment, and online relationships.
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When to use it
Screen adolescents and young adults in clinical, school, and community settings to identify those experiencing significant social media-related anxiety. Use in mental health assessment when treating depression, anxiety, or sleep disorders in digital-native populations; social media anxiety may be contributing factor. Incorporate into digital wellness programs in schools to identify students needing support. Use in research examining mechanisms linking social media use to mental health outcomes. Include in population surveys to estimate prevalence of social media anxiety and identify vulnerable subgroups.
Strengths & limitations
- Specificity to digital mental health: Captures anxiety related specifically to social media, distinct from general anxiety disorder or social anxiety disorder.
- Identifies FOMO mechanism: Operationalizes and measures the 'fear of missing out' construct central to digital age anxiety, enabling targeted interventions.
- Practical clinical utility: Brief, simple language enables rapid screening in busy clinical settings; scores easily interpreted by clinicians and parents.
- Research-validated associations: Consistently linked in studies to sleep disruption, depression, lower life satisfaction, and offline social withdrawal.
- Does not assess frequency or duration of social media use: Anxiety and actual use time may be decoupled; high anxiety users may use less; low anxiety users may use compulsively. Measure both constructs.
- Limited assessment of consequences: Measures anxiety symptoms but not functional impairment (academic decline, peer conflict, missed activities). Consider supplementary functional assessment.
- Cultural variability: FOMO and social comparison may vary substantially across cultural contexts; instruments developed in Western settings may require adaptation for non-Western populations.
- Platform-specific effects not captured: Anxiety may differ across platforms (Instagram anxiety about appearance vs. Twitter anxiety about political disagreement); general SMAS may miss platform-specific dynamics.
Frequently asked
Is social media anxiety the same as 'Internet addiction'?
No. Social media anxiety (emotional distress related to social media) and internet addiction (compulsive use despite negative consequences) are distinct constructs that often co-occur. A person may have high anxiety but low use, or vice versa. Measure both if assessing digital wellbeing comprehensively.
Can reducing social media use alone reduce social media anxiety?
Partially. For some youth, reduced use decreases anxiety. However, if underlying social anxiety, depression, or low self-esteem exist, anxiety may persist or redirect to other situations. Effective treatment typically combines use reduction with cognitive-behavioral therapy, social skill building, and addressing underlying emotional issues.
Is it normal for adolescents to have some social media anxiety?
Yes. Mild to moderate anxiety (scores 18–28) is typical for digital-native adolescents navigating peer social comparison and FOMO. Clinical concern arises at high-to-severe levels (≥29), particularly if anxiety interferes with sleep, offline relationships, academic performance, or daily functioning.
Does high social media anxiety predict mental health disorders?
Prospective research shows modest associations: high baseline SMAS predicts elevated depression and anxiety symptoms 6–12 months later (r~0.30–0.40). However, causality is unclear; anxiety may be consequent to underlying depression or low self-esteem. Consider SMAS a risk indicator, not predictor of disorder.
Sources
- Elhai, J. D., Yang, H., & Montag, C. (2015). Whilst FOMO is related to negative mental health consequences, phubbing may be more emotionally disruptive. Computers in Human Behavior, 113, 106480. link ↗
- Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1841–1848. DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014 ↗
How to cite this page
ScholarGate. (2026, June 3). Social Media Anxiety Scale (SMAS). ScholarGate. https://scholargate.app/en/health-informatics/social-media-anxiety-scale
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