N-of-1 Trial
An N-of-1 trial is a single-patient randomized controlled trial in which a patient alternates between treatment A and treatment B (or active drug and placebo) in repeated, randomized cross-over periods. Developed systematically in the 1990s–2010s by Kravitz, Duan, and Vohra, N-of-1 trials enable personalized medicine by determining which treatment works best for that specific individual, avoiding the assumption that population-average effects apply to all patients. They are ideal for chronic conditions with variable outcomes and heterogeneous treatment response.
Source record
Citations copied verbatim from the method’s source record. No claim-level verification is inferred from them.
- Gabler, N. B., Duan, N., Vohra, S., & Kravitz, R. L. (2011). N-of-1 trials in the medical literature: a systematic review. Medical Care, 49(8), 761–768. · DOI 10.1097/mlr.0b013e318215d90d
- Kravitz, R. L., Duan, N., & Eslick, I. (2010). Evidence-based medicine, heterogeneity of treatment effects, and the trouble with averages. The Milbank Quarterly, 88(4), 503–520. · URL
- Vohra, S., Shamseer, L., Sampson, M., Barrowman, N., Yap, B., Uleryk, E., ... & Moher, D. (2015). CONSORT extension for reporting N-of-1 trials (CENT) 2015: explanation and elaboration. BMJ Open, 5(7), e007838. · DOI 10.1136/bmj.h1793
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