Method evidence record

Manifest Content Analysis

Manifest content analysis is a quantitative research technique that systematically counts the explicit, surface-level features of communication messages — words, sources, themes, images, or actors that are directly visible in the text or media artifact — according to a predefined coding scheme. Rooted in Bernard Berelson's classic definition of content analysis as the 'objective, systematic, and quantitative description of the manifest content of communication,' it is one of the foundational empirical methods of mass communication and media research.

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Manifest Content Analysis of Communication Messages

Taxonomic method record · process-pipeline / communication

Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. · ISBN 9780761915454
Hayes, A. F., & Krippendorff, K. (2007). Answering the call for a standard reliability measure for coding data. Communication Methods and Measures, 1(1), 77–89. · DOI 10.1080/19312450709336664

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Related methods

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Same method familyContent Analysismachine-suggested · Relational suggestion, not evidence.Same method familyFraming Analysismachine-suggested · Relational suggestion, not evidence.Same method familyIntercoder Reliabilitymachine-suggested · Relational suggestion, not evidence.Same method familyKrippendorff's Alphamachine-suggested · Relational suggestion, not evidence.Same method familyQuantitative Content Analysismachine-suggested · Relational suggestion, not evidence.