Qualitative Meta-Synthesis

Qualitative meta-synthesis is a dedicated synthesis of qualitative evidence, treating qualitative findings with equal rigor as quantitative findings would receive in a quantitative meta-analysis. A mixed-methods review may include both quantitative and qualitative studies but often prioritizes quantitative findings and uses qualitative studies to provide context or explanation. Qualitative meta-synthesis centers qualitative evidence as the primary focus.

Yes, but acknowledge that methodologies shape findings. A phenomenological study focusing on lived experience may yield different insights than a grounded theory study focused on generating explanatory concepts. Document original study methodology and consider whether methodology differences explain variation in findings. You may synthesize across methodologies or analyze them separately; either approach is valid, but transparency about methodology is essential.

Use qualitative quality assessment tools such as CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme), QATQS (Quality Assessment Tool for Qualitative Studies), or discipline-specific tools. Assess domains like: Is research question clear? Is methodology appropriate? Is data collection rigorous? Is analysis systematic and transparent? Is researcher reflexivity evident? Rate studies as high/moderate/low quality. Include studies across quality spectrum but weight higher-quality studies more heavily in your synthesis conclusions.

Contradiction is valuable. Rather than ignoring it or forcing consensus, investigate: Do contradictions reflect genuine contextual differences (e.g., different cultural contexts)? Differences in how phenomena were studied? Differences in study populations? Synthesizing contradictions and understanding their sources deepens understanding. Report both the contradictions and your interpretation of their sources.