Explora la ciència per mètode, camp i evidència.

CRITIC

CRITIC (CRiteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation) is a weight objective multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Diakoulaki, D., Mavrotas, G., Papayannakis, L. in 1995. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font1995

CRITIC-M

CRITIC-M (Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation - Modified) is an objective weight derivation method that extends the classical CRITIC approach. It assigns weights to criteria based on two intrinsic properties of the decision matrix: variance (how much a criterion differentiates alternatives) and correl

2 fonts1995

educational psychology

Critical Thinking Dispositions Scale

The Critical Thinking Dispositions Scale (CTDS), exemplified by the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CCTDI), measures the extent to which individuals exhibit cognitive dispositions conducive to critical thinking. Developed by Facione (1992), it assesses dimensions including truth-seeking, open-minded

2 fonts1992

transcultural nursing

Cross-Cultural Competence Inventory

The Cross-Cultural Competence Inventory (CCCI) is a comprehensive self-report measure designed to assess healthcare providers' competence in delivering culturally sensitive care across diverse populations. The CCCI evaluates multiple dimensions of cross-cultural competence, including cultural awareness, knowledge of di

1 font2005

operations management

Cross-Docking

Cross-docking is a logistics strategy in which products arriving at a distribution center from suppliers are unloaded, sorted, consolidated, and immediately reloaded onto outbound vehicles destined for customers, with minimal or no storage time. Rather than storing inventory in a warehouse, products flow through in 24–

2 fonts2007

CROSS-VALIDATION

CROSS-VALIDATION (Cross-Validation — k-fold hold-out validation of MCDM decision consistency) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Stone, M. in 1974. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font1974

CUBIC-EDAS

CUBIC-EDAS (Cubic-EDAS — Cubic Pythagorean Fuzzy EDAS (CuP-EDAS)) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Paul, T.K., Jana, C., Pal, M. in 2023. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2023

CUBIC-TOPSIS

CUBIC-TOPSIS (Cubic-TOPSIS — Cubic extension of TOPSIS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Garg, H., Kaur, G. in 2018. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2018

CUBIC-VIKOR

CUBIC-VIKOR (Cubic-VIKOR — Cubic extension of VIKOR) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Jun, Y. B. Kim, C. S. Yang, K. O. in 2012. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2012

CUBIC-WASPAS

CUBIC-WASPAS (Cubic-WASPAS — Cubic extension of WASPAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Jun, Y. B. Kim, C. S. Yang, K. O. in 2012. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2012

optimization

Cuckoo Search

Cuckoo Search (CS) is a population-based metaheuristic optimization algorithm introduced by Xin-She Yang and Suash Deb in 2009. It models the obligate brood-parasitism of cuckoo birds — which lay eggs in other birds' nests — combined with Lévy flight random walks that enable long-range exploration of the search space.

2 fonts2009

D-TOPSIS

D-TOPSIS (Modified TOPSIS based on D-Numbers (Deng Evidence Theory)) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Fei, L., Hu, Y., Xiao, F., Chen, L., Deng, Y. in 2016. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2016

DANP

DANP (DEMATEL-based ANP) is a weight subjective multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Tzeng, G.-H., Huang, J.-J. in 2010. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2010

Data-Driven MCDA

Data-Driven MCDA is a hybrid framework that integrates machine learning and statistical learning into traditional multi-criteria decision analysis. Instead of eliciting weights from expert judgment, it learns criteria importance from historical decision data, enabling more scalable and empirically grounded decision sup

2 fonts2015

DEA

DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis (CCR model) for efficiency-based ranking) is a dea multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., Rhodes, E. in 1978. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font1978

healthcare management

DEA Hospital Efficiency

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a linear programming technique for measuring the relative efficiency of multiple hospitals using multiple inputs and outputs. Introduced by Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes in 1978, DEA has become the standard method for benchmarking hospital performance in healthcare systems worldwide.

3 fonts1978

DEA-BCC

DEA-BCC (Data Envelopment Analysis (BCC / VRS model)) is a dea multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Banker, R. D., Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W. in 1984. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font1984

DEA-CROSSEFF

DEA-CROSSEFF (DEA Cross-Efficiency — peer appraisal using cross-evaluation matrix) is a dea multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Sexton, T. R., Silkman, R. H., Hogan, A. J. in 1986. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font1986

DEA-DYNAMIC-NETWORK

DEA-DYNAMIC-NETWORK (Dynamic-Network DEA with Carryovers and Bad Outputs) is a dea multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Fukuyama, H. Weber, W. L. in 2013. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2013

DEA-ENV

DEA-ENV (Environmental DEA with Undesirable Outputs (EEI model)) is a dea multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Färe, R. Grosskopf, S. Lovell, C. A. K. Pasurka, C. in 1989. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font1989

DEA-NETWORK

DEA-NETWORK (Two-Stage Network DEA with Undesirable Outputs) is a dea multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Fukuyama, H. Weber, W. L. in 2010. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2010

DEA-NETWORK-SBM

DEA-NETWORK-SBM (Network Slacks-Based Measure DEA with Window Analysis) is a dea multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Tone, K. Tsutsui, M. in 2009. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2009

DEA-RAM

DEA-RAM (Range-Adjusted Measure of Inefficiency) is a dea multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Cooper, W. W. Park, K. S. Pastor, J. T. in 1999. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font1999

DEA-SBM

DEA-SBM (Slack-Based Measure Data Envelopment Analysis) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Tone, K. in 2001. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2001

DEA-SUPEREFF

DEA-SUPEREFF (Super-Efficiency Data Envelopment Analysis) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Andersen, P. Petersen, N. C. in 1993. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font1993

patient centered care

Decisional Conflict Scale

The Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS) is a 16-item self-reported outcome measure that quantifies the degree of uncertainty, value ambivalence, and decision distress experienced by patients facing healthcare choices. Developed by Annette O'Connor in 1995, the DCS assesses five core domains: personal uncertainty, understan

2 fonts1995

DEFUZZ-ALPHA-CUT

DEFUZZ-ALPHA-CUT (Alpha-Cut Defuzzification — Crisp interval or representative via α-level cut) is a defuzzification multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Zadeh, L.A. in 1965; 1985. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font1965

DEFUZZ-BISECTOR

DEFUZZ-BISECTOR (Bisector of Area Defuzzification — Vertical line dividing fuzzy set area equally) is a defuzzification multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by van Leekwijck, W.; Kerre, E.E. in 1999. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducibl

1 font1999

DEFUZZ-CENTROID

DEFUZZ-CENTROID (Centroid Defuzzification — Centre of gravity crisp representative) is a defuzzification multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Mamdani, E.H. in 1975. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font1975

DEFUZZ-CENTROID-GAUSSIAN

DEFUZZ-CENTROID-GAUSSIAN (Gaussian Centroid Defuzzification — Crisp representative of Gaussian fuzzy number) is a defuzzification multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Zadeh, L.A. in 1965. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font1965

DEFUZZ-MOM

DEFUZZ-MOM (Mean of Maxima (MOM) Defuzzification — Crisp value at the plateau of maximum membership) is a defuzzification multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Lee, C.C. in 1990. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font1990

DEFUZZ-SCORE-IFN

DEFUZZ-SCORE-IFN (Score Function Defuzzification — Crisp ranking score for IFN/PFN/q-ROFS families) is a defuzzification multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Chen, S.M.; Tan, J.M. in 1994; extended 2014, 2017. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured

1 font1994

DEFUZZ-TYPE-REDUCTION

DEFUZZ-TYPE-REDUCTION (Type Reduction Defuzzification — Karnik-Mendel algorithm for interval type-2 fuzzy sets) is a defuzzification multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Karnik, N.N.; Mendel, J.M. in 2001. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, re

1 font2001

DELPHI

DELPHI (Delphi Method — iterative expert consensus for criterion importance elicitation) is a weight subjective multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Dalkey, N., Helmer, O. in 1963. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font1963

DEMATEL

DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) is a weight subjective multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Gabus, A., Fontela, E. in 1972. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 fontadvanced1972

soft computing

Dempster-Shafer Theory

Dempster-Shafer theory is a mathematical framework for reasoning under uncertainty that generalizes Bayesian probability by representing ignorance explicitly. Instead of forcing a single probability on each hypothesis, it assigns belief mass to sets of hypotheses and derives a belief-plausibility interval, and it provi

2 fonts1976

military psychology

Deployment Risk and Resilience Inventory

The DRRI-2 is a comprehensive self-report inventory measuring pre-deployment, deployment, and post-deployment risk and protective (resilience) factors influencing mental health outcomes in military personnel. Developed by King and colleagues in 2006 and refined in 2008, it captures contextual, behavioral, social, and p

2 fonts2006

Deterministic Dynamic Programming

Deterministic Dynamic Programming (DDP) is a mathematical optimization technique that decomposes a multi-stage decision problem into a sequence of simpler subproblems, solving them exactly when all system parameters — transition functions, costs, and rewards — are known with certainty. It guarantees a globally optimal

2 fonts1957

Deterministic Genetic Algorithm

A Deterministic Genetic Algorithm (DGA) applies the structural framework of evolutionary computation — population, selection, crossover, and replacement — using entirely deterministic operators and fixed decision rules instead of stochastic sampling. By eliminating randomness, the algorithm becomes fully reproducible:

2 fonts1975

Deterministic Integer Programming

Deterministic Integer Programming (DIP) is a mathematical optimization approach that finds the best solution to problems where some or all decision variables must take integer values, given fully known (deterministic) objective and constraint data. It is the classical, non-stochastic form of integer programming, founda

2 fonts1958

Deterministic Linear Programming

Deterministic Linear Programming (DLP) is the classical form of linear programming in which all objective function coefficients, constraint coefficients, and right-hand-side values are known with certainty. It finds the optimal allocation of resources to maximize or minimize a linear objective subject to linear constra

2 fonts1947

Deterministic Mixed-Integer Programming

Deterministic Mixed-Integer Programming (MIP) is a mathematical optimization framework that finds the provably optimal solution to problems involving both continuous and integer decision variables under fully known, fixed coefficients and constraints. It is the foundational workhorse of operations research when all dat

2 fonts1958

Deterministic Particle Swarm Optimization

Deterministic Particle Swarm Optimization (DPSO) removes the stochastic random coefficients from classical PSO, replacing them with fixed cognitive and social acceleration parameters. Particles move through the search space following fully predictable trajectories, enabling reproducible convergence analysis and guarant

2 fonts1995

Deterministic Simulated Annealing

Deterministic Simulated Annealing (DSA) is an optimization metaheuristic that adopts the cooling-schedule structure of classical simulated annealing but replaces the probabilistic Metropolis acceptance criterion with a strictly deterministic rule: only improving moves are accepted. This yields a reproducible, greedy-de

2 fonts1990

DHF-COPRAS

DHF-COPRAS (Dual Hesitant Fuzzy extension of COPRAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Rani, P., Mishra, A. R., Krishankumar, R., Mardani, A., Cavallaro, F., Ravichandran, K. S., Balasubramanian, K. in 2020. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria int

DHF-EDAS

DHF-EDAS (Dual Hesitant Fuzzy extension of EDAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Ning, B., Lin, R., Wei, G., Chen, X. in 2023. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2023

DHF-TODIM

DHF-TODIM (Dual Hesitant Fuzzy extension of TODIM) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Liu, Y., Tariq, M., Khan, S., Abdullah, S. in 2023. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2023

DHF-TOPSIS

DHF-TOPSIS (Dual Hesitant Fuzzy extension of TOPSIS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Wang, R., Li, W., Zhang, T., Han, Q. in 2020. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

DHF-VIKOR

DHF-VIKOR (Dual Hesitant Fuzzy extension of VIKOR) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by An, J., Zhang, X., Liu, L., Zuo, W. in 2025. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2025

otolaryngology

DHI

The Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) is a 25-item self-report questionnaire designed to measure the functional, emotional, and physical effects of dizziness and balance disorders on daily life. Developed by Jacobson and Newman in 1990, it has become a standard tool for assessing dizziness-related handicap in clinical

1 font1990

DIBR

DIBR (Defining Interrelationships Between Ranked criteria) is a weight subjective multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Pamučar, D., Žižović, M., Marinković, D., Doljanica, D. in 2021. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2021

optimization

Differential Evolution

Differential Evolution (DE), introduced by Rainer Storn and Kenneth Price in 1997, is a population-based stochastic optimisation algorithm designed for continuous parameter spaces. It generates candidate solutions by combining vector differences between existing population members, making it a powerful and parameter-le

2 fonts1997

operations research

Dijkstra Algorithm

Dijkstra's Algorithm, introduced by Edsger W. Dijkstra in 1956, is one of the most fundamental algorithms in computer science for solving the single-source shortest path problem. It finds the shortest path from a starting vertex to all other vertices in a weighted graph with non-negative edge weights.

2 fonts1956

DIST-CHEBYSHEV

DIST-CHEBYSHEV (Chebyshev Distance — L∞ norm (maximum coordinate difference)) is a distance multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Roy, B. in 1991. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font1991

DIST-EUCLIDEAN

DIST-EUCLIDEAN (Euclidean Distance — L2 norm between two vectors in criterion space) is a distance multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Hwang, C. L., Yoon, K. in 1981. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font1981

DIST-HAMMING

DIST-HAMMING (Hamming Distance — count of positions where two equal-length sequences differ) is a distance multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Hamming, R. W. in 1950. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font1950

DIST-MANHATTAN

DIST-MANHATTAN (Manhattan Distance — L1 norm (city-block distance) between two vectors) is a distance multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Dezert, J., Tchamova, A., Han, D., Bhotto, M. Z. A. in 2020. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproduc

DIST-MINKOWSKI

DIST-MINKOWSKI (Minkowski Distance — generalised Lp norm (p ≥ 1)) is a distance multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Minkowski, H. in 1910. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font1910

DNMA

DNMA (Double Normalization-Based Multiple Aggregation) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Liao, H., Wu, X. in 2020. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.