Explora la ciència per mètode, camp i evidència.

BF-COPRAS

BF-COPRAS (Bipolar extension of COPRAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Zavadskas & Kaklauskas in 1996. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font1996

BF-EDAS

BF-EDAS (Bipolar extension of EDAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Jana, C., Pal, M. in 2021. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2021

BF-MARCOS

BF-MARCOS (Bipolar extension of MARCOS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Stević et al. in 2020. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2020

BF-TOPSIS

BF-TOPSIS (Bipolar extension of TOPSIS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Hwang & Yoon in 1981. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font1981

BF-VIKOR

BF-VIKOR (Bipolar extension of VIKOR) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Opricovic in 1998. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font1998

BF-WASPAS

BF-WASPAS (Bipolar extension of WASPAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Akram, M., Arshad, M. in 2020. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2020

social psychology

Big Five Inventory

The Big Five Inventory (BFI) is a 44-item self-report measure operationalizing the Five-Factor Model of personality, capturing Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. Developed by Oliver John and colleagues in 1991, the BFI is a more concise alternative to longer personality instrumen

3 fonts1991

Bilevel Optimization

Bilevel optimization is a class of mathematical programming problems in which one optimization problem is nested inside another. The upper-level (leader) problem optimizes its objective subject to constraints that include the solution of a lower-level (follower) problem. Formalized comprehensively by Jonathan Bard in 1

2 fonts1998

BN-ELECTRE-I

BN-ELECTRE-I (Bipolar Neutrosophic ELECTRE-I) is a electre family multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Akram, M., Shumaiza, Smarandache, F. in 2018. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2018

BN-TOPSIS

BN-TOPSIS (Bipolar Neutrosophic TOPSIS) is a topsis family multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Akram, M., Shumaiza, Smarandache, F. in 2018. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2018

BONFERRONI-MEAN

BONFERRONI-MEAN (Bonferroni Mean (BM)) is a aggregation multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Bonferroni, C. in 1950. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font1950

efficiency analysis

Bootstrap DEA

Bootstrap Data Envelopment Analysis (Bootstrap DEA) is a resampling-based extension of standard DEA that provides statistically valid inference for efficiency scores. Introduced by Simar and Wilson in 1998, it addresses the core weakness of classical DEA — its inability to quantify uncertainty in estimated scores — by

1 font1998

BORDA

BORDA (Borda Count — Positional scoring rule for rank aggregation) is a aggregationoperator multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Borda, J.-C. de in 1900. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font1900

Bradley-Terry Model

The Bradley-Terry model is a probabilistic model for paired comparisons that assigns a latent strength parameter to each item and predicts the probability that one item beats another in a head-to-head contest. Introduced by Ralph A. Bradley and Milton E. Terry in 1952, it provides a principled statistical framework for

1 font1952

Branch and Bound

Branch and Bound is a systematic exact algorithm for combinatorial and integer optimization problems, introduced by Ailsa Land and Alison Doig in 1960. It organizes the search space as a tree of subproblems, uses relaxation-derived upper bounds to prune branches that cannot improve the best known solution, and guarante

1 font1960

BRAUERS-DOMINANCE

BRAUERS-DOMINANCE (Brauers & Zavadskas (2014) Dominance Theory — used in MultiMOORA aggregation) is a aggregationoperator multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Orakçı, E. in 2024. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2024

Bray-Curtis Dissimilarity

Bray-Curtis dissimilarity is a quantitative measure of compositional difference between two samples, widely used in ecology and community analysis. Introduced by John Bray and John T. Curtis in 1957 for comparing forest communities, this index ranges from 0 (identical composition) to 1 (completely different). It is sen

2 fonts1957

oncology nursing

Brief Fatigue Inventory

The Brief Fatigue Inventory is a 9-item patient self-report instrument specifically designed for rapid, repeated assessment of cancer-related fatigue severity and its functional impact. Developed by Mendoza, Cleeland, and colleagues at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in 1999, the BFI is optimized for use in busy oncology c

2 fonts1999

health services

Brief Pain Inventory

The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) is a concise, validated self-report instrument developed by Cleeland and Ryan beginning in 1994 to measure the severity and functional impact of pain in patients with cancer and chronic pain conditions. The BPI-Short Form comprises 11 items assessing pain severity and interference with da

3 fonts1994

operations management

Bullwhip Effect

The Bullwhip Effect is a phenomenon in supply chain management where small fluctuations in end-customer demand cause progressively larger fluctuations in orders as one moves upstream from retail to distributors to manufacturers to suppliers. First formally documented by Jay Forrester in his 1961 system dynamics work, a

2 fonts1961

BWM

BWM (Best-Worst Method) is a weight subjective multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Rezaei, J. in 2015. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2015

BWM-BAYESIAN

BWM-BAYESIAN (Bayesian BWM — Probabilistic Group Best-Worst Method) is a weight subjective multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Mohammadi, M., Rezaei, J. in 2020. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2020

BWM-ZNUMBER-GAME

BWM-ZNUMBER-GAME (BWM + Z-number + Zero-Sum Game — Best Worst Method weighting with Z-number payoff matrix and game-theoretic ranking) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Adesina, K.A.; Yazdi, M.; Omidvar, M. (hybrid); Rezaei, J. 2015 (BWM); Zadeh, L.A. 2011 (Z-numbers); von Neumann

1 font2022

By-Production Technology DEA

By-Production Technology DEA is a variant of Data Envelopment Analysis designed for production systems that generate both desirable outputs and undesirable by-products or emissions. Rather than ignoring or arbitrarily penalizing undesirable outputs, this method explicitly models them as joint products of the production

2 fonts2005

environmental engineering

Canberra Distance

Canberra distance is a weighted version of the Manhattan distance that normalizes differences by the sum of absolute values. Introduced by Geoffrey Lance and William Williams in 1967 as part of their work on clustering classification methods, this metric emphasizes differences in small values and is sensitive to change

2 fonts1967

Carbon Footprint Analysis

Carbon footprint analysis quantifies the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions—expressed in CO2-equivalent (CO2e)—attributable to an activity, product, organization, or process. Developed from life cycle assessment (LCA) and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodologies, carbon accounting encompasses di

3 fonts1993

forestry

Carbon Stock Estimation in Forests

Forest carbon stock estimation quantifies the amount of carbon stored in tree biomass and other forest components, typically expressed in tonnes of carbon per hectare. Formalized by Brown, Chave, and international bodies such as the IPCC and FAO, this method is foundational for climate change mitigation accounting, car

4 fonts1990

soft computing

Case-Based Reasoning

Case-based reasoning solves a new problem by retrieving similar problems solved in the past and adapting their solutions, rather than reasoning from first principles or a trained statistical model. Formalized as the Retrieve-Reuse-Revise-Retain cycle by Aamodt and Plaza in 1994 and popularized by Janet Kolodner, CBR mi

2 fonts1994

CCSD

CCSD (Criteria Correlation and Standard Deviation objective weighting) is a weight objective multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Wang, Y. M., Luo, Y. in 2010. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2010

pain medicine

Central Sensitization Inventory

The Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) is a 25-item self-report screening instrument developed by Mayer and colleagues in 2012 to identify patients with central sensitization—a condition characterized by amplification of pain signaling and hypersensitivity to sensory stimuli. The CSI captures the constellation of sy

3 fonts2012

CF-EDAS

CF-EDAS (Complex extension of EDAS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Ramot, D. Milo, R. Friedman, M. Kandel, A. in 2002. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

CF-MARCOS

CF-MARCOS (Complex extension of MARCOS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Ramot, D. Milo, R. Friedman, M. Kandel, A. in 2002. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

CF-TOPSIS

CF-TOPSIS (Complex extension of TOPSIS) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Ramot, D. Milo, R. Friedman, M. Kandel, A. in 2002. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

CF-VIKOR

CF-VIKOR (Complex extension of VIKOR) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Ramot, D. Milo, R. Friedman, M. Kandel, A. in 2002. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

environmental psychology

CFAS

The Carbon Footprint Awareness Scale (CFAS) measures individuals' knowledge, consciousness, and sense of responsibility regarding their carbon emissions—how much people understand the carbon impacts of their consumption, energy use, and travel patterns. Developed by Collins, Gössling, and Hall (2011) for sustainability

2 fonts2011

CFZN-MARCOS

CFZN-MARCOS (Complex Fuzzy Z-Number MARCOS Ranking) is a distance multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Shahid, A. Ashraf, S. Chohan, M. S. in 2026. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2026

CFZN-WASPAS

CFZN-WASPAS (Complex Fuzzy Z-Number Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment) is a utility multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Shahid, A. Ashraf, S. Chohan, M. S. in 2026. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2026

child psychiatry

Children's Depression Inventory

The CDI is a self-report measure of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents ages 7–17 years. Developed by Maria Kovacs in 1992 and revised in 2011, it is the most widely used screening tool for childhood depression in clinical and research settings. It assesses mood, self-concept, and functional impairment thro

2 fonts1992

CHOQUET-INTEGRAL

CHOQUET-INTEGRAL (Choquet Integral — Non-additive aggregation) is a aggregationoperator multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Murofushi, T., Sugeno, M. in 1989. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font1989

CILOS

CILOS (Criterion Impact LOSs objective weighting method) is a weight objective multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Zavadskas, E. K., Podvezko, V. in 2016. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2016

CIMAS

CIMAS (Criterion Impact MeAsurement System) is a weight subjective multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Bošković, S., Jovčić, S., Simić, V., Švadlenka, L., Dobrodolac, M., Bacanin, N. in 2025. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible re

1 font2025

operations management

Closed-Loop Supply Chain

A closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) integrates forward logistics (moving products to customers) with reverse logistics (recovering products, components, or materials from customers) to optimize resource recovery, reduce waste, and minimize environmental impact. Products flow forward for customer use, then flow backward f

2 fonts2003

COBRA

COBRA (COmprehensive distance Based RAnking) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Krstić, M., Agnusdei, G. P., Tadić, S., Kovač, M., Miglietta, P. P. in 2022. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2022

COCOSO

COCOSO (Combined Compromise Solution) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Yazdani, M., Zarate, P., Zavadskas, E. K., Turskis, Z. in 2019. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2019

CODAS

CODAS (Combinative Distance-Based Assessment) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Keshavarz Ghorabaee, M., Zavadskas, E. K., Turskis, Z., Antucheviciene, J. in 2016. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2016

operations research

Column Generation (Dantzig-Wolfe)

Column Generation, developed by George B. Dantzig and Philip Wolfe in 1960, is a powerful optimization technique for solving large-scale linear programming problems with special structure. Also known as Dantzig-Wolfe Decomposition, it decomposes the problem into a master problem (restricted to a subset of variables/col

2 fonts1960

COMET

COMET (Characteristic Objects METhod) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Sałabun, W. in 2015. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2015

sport psychology

Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2

The CSAI-2 is a 27-item instrument measuring three dimensions of state anxiety in sport: cognitive anxiety (worry), somatic anxiety (physiological arousal), and self-confidence. Developed by Martens and colleagues in 1990, it has become the gold standard for assessing pre-competition psychological state and is widely u

1 font1990

COMPROMISE-PROGRAMMING

COMPROMISE-PROGRAMMING (Compromise Programming — Lp-metric distance to ideal solution) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Zeleny, M. in 1973. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font1973

CONDORCET

CONDORCET (Condorcet Method — Pairwise majority winner from ranked ballots) is a aggregationoperator multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Marquis de Condorcet in 1900. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font1900

Constraint Programming

Constraint Programming (CP) is a declarative optimization paradigm in which a problem is formulated as a set of variables, finite domains, and constraints, and a solver systematically searches for assignments that satisfy all constraints. Formalized comprehensively by Rossi, van Beek, and Walsh in their 2006 Handbook o

1 font2006

marketing management

Consumer Involvement Scale

The Consumer Involvement Scale (CIS), developed by Zaichkowsky (1985), measures the degree to which a consumer feels personally invested in a product, brand, or purchase decision. Originally a 20-item instrument operationalizing the concept of 'personal relevance,' the CIS was refined to 10 items in 1994 (Revised Perso

2 fonts1985

Convex Optimization

Convex optimization is a subfield of mathematical optimization that studies the problem of minimizing convex functions over convex sets. Formalized and popularized by Stephen Boyd and Lieven Vandenberghe in their landmark 2004 textbook, the framework unifies a wide family of problems — including linear programming, qua

1 font2004

COOK-SEIFORD

COOK-SEIFORD (Cook & Seiford (1978) — distance-based ranking aggregation) is a aggregationoperator multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Orakçı, E. in 2024. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2024

COPELAND

COPELAND (Copeland Method — Pairwise majority voting with net win-loss score) is a aggregationoperator multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Copeland, A. H. in 1951. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font1951

COPRAS

COPRAS (Complex Proportional Assessment) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Zavadskas, E. K., Kaklauskas, A. in 1996. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font1996

Cosine Distance

Cosine distance measures the angular distance between two non-zero vectors in a multi-dimensional space. Originally developed by Gerard Salton for information retrieval in 1975, it captures dissimilarity by computing one minus the cosine similarity, ranging from 0 (identical direction) to 1 (opposite direction). It is

2 fonts1975

game theory

Cournot Competition

Cournot Competition models oligopolistic markets where firms choose quantities simultaneously, not prices. Originally formulated by Augustin-Louis Cournot in 1838, the model assumes each firm's profit depends on the total market quantity produced. The resulting Cournot-Nash Equilibrium captures the strategic interactio

2 fonts1838

CRADIS

CRADIS (Compromise Ranking of Alternatives from Distance to Ideal Solution) is a ranking multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method introduced by Puška, A., Stević, Ž., Pamučar, D. in 2021. It turns a decision matrix of alternatives scored on multiple criteria into a structured, reproducible result.

1 font2021