Compara mètodes

	Anàlisi de la Covariància (ANCOVA)	Test H de Kruskal-Wallis	Anàlisi Multivariant de la Variància (MANOVA)
Camp	Estadística	Estadística	Estadística
Família	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test
Any d'origen	1932	1952	1932
Autor original	Ronald A. Fisher	William Kruskal & W. Allen Wallis	Samuel Stanley Wilks (Wilks' Lambda, 1932); Roy, Hotelling, Pillai (mid-20th c.)
Tipus	Parametric group comparison with covariate control	Nonparametric group comparison	Parametric multivariate mean comparison
Font seminal	Tabachnick, B.G. & Fidell, L.S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6th ed.). Pearson. ISBN: 978-0205849574	Kruskal, W. H. & Wallis, W. A. (1952). Use of ranks in one-criterion variance analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 47(260), 583–621.	Tabachnick, B.G. & Fidell, L.S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6th ed.). Pearson. ISBN: 978-0205849574
Àlies	analysis of covariance, covariance analysis, ANCOVA (Kovaryans Analizi)	Kruskal-Wallis H test, one-way ANOVA on ranks, Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis Testi	Multivariate ANOVA, Çok Değişkenli ANOVA (MANOVA)
Relacionats	4	5	5
Resum	ANCOVA is a parametric hypothesis test that compares the adjusted means of two or more independent groups while statistically controlling for one or more continuous covariates. By removing the portion of outcome variance explained by the covariate, ANCOVA increases statistical precision and produces fairer group comparisons. The method builds on the general linear model framework consolidated by Fisher in the early 1930s and is described comprehensively by Tabachnick and Fidell (2013).	The Kruskal-Wallis H test is a nonparametric hypothesis test that compares three or more independent groups to decide whether their distributions (typically their medians) differ. Introduced by William Kruskal and W. Allen Wallis in 1952, it works on ranks rather than raw values and is the distribution-free counterpart to one-way ANOVA.	MANOVA is a parametric hypothesis test that simultaneously compares group means across multiple continuous dependent variables, controlling the inflation of Type I error that would result from running separate ANOVAs. Key multivariate test statistics — Wilks' Lambda, Pillai's Trace, Hotelling-Lawley Trace, and Roy's Greatest Root — were developed between the 1930s and 1950s, with Wilks' Lambda formalised by Samuel Stanley Wilks in 1932.