পদ্ধতির তুলনা করুন

	শ্রেণিবদ্ধ রৈখিক মডেলিং (HLM / বহুস্তরীয় মডেলিং)	সাধারণ ন্যূনতম বর্গক্ষেত্র (OLS) রিগ্রেশন	প্যানেল ডেটা ফিক্সড এফেক্টস মডেল
ক্ষেত্র	পরিসংখ্যান	অর্থমিতি	অর্থমিতি
পরিবার	Hypothesis test	Regression model	Regression model
উদ্ভবের বছর	1986	2019	2014
প্রবর্তক	Raudenbush & Bryk (popularized); Goldstein (parallel development)	Wooldridge (textbook treatment); classical least squares	Hsiao (textbook treatment); within transformation of panel data
ধরন	Parametric nested-data regression	Linear regression	Panel data regression
মৌলিক উৎস	Raudenbush, S.W. & Bryk, A.S. (2002). Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods (2nd ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-0761919049	Wooldridge, J. M. (2019). Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach (7th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN: 978-1337558860	Hsiao, C. (2014). Analysis of Panel Data (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
অপর নাম	HLM, MLM, multilevel modeling, multilevel analysis	ordinary least squares, classical linear regression, linear regression, en küçük kareler regresyonu	fixed effects model, within estimator, panel fixed-effects regression, Panel Veri — Sabit Etkiler Modeli
সম্পর্কিত	4	5	5
সারসংক্ষেপ	Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM), also known as Multilevel Modeling (MLM), is a parametric statistical method for analyzing nested or clustered data — for example students within classrooms, patients within hospitals, or employees within organizations. Formalized by Raudenbush and Bryk in their 2002 seminal text (building on work from the mid-1980s), HLM simultaneously estimates individual-level and group-level effects while correctly partitioning variance across levels.	Ordinary Least Squares is the classical linear regression method that explains a continuous outcome as a linear combination of predictors. It estimates the coefficients by minimising the sum of squared residuals, and under the Gauss-Markov assumptions these estimates are the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE).	The Panel Data Fixed Effects model estimates relationships from panel data (the same units observed over several time periods) while controlling for unit- and/or time-specific effects, supporting causal inference. It is developed as the within estimator in standard treatments such as Hsiao's Analysis of Panel Data (2014).