পদ্ধতির তুলনা করুন

	নিশ্চায়ক গাঠনিক বিশ্লেষণ	ক্রোনব্যাকের আলফা (নির্ভরযোগ্যতা বিশ্লেষণ)	শ্রেণিবদ্ধ রৈখিক মডেলিং (HLM / বহুস্তরীয় মডেলিং)	প্রধান উপাদান বিশ্লেষণ
ক্ষেত্র	মনোমিতি	পরিসংখ্যান	পরিসংখ্যান	যন্ত্র শিখন
পরিবার	Latent structure	Latent structure	Hypothesis test	Machine learning
উদ্ভবের বছর	1969	1951	1986	2002
প্রবর্তক	Karl Jöreskog	Lee J. Cronbach	Raudenbush & Bryk (popularized); Goldstein (parallel development)	Jolliffe, I.T. (textbook); Pearson & Hotelling (origins)
ধরন	Measurement model / latent variable analysis	Reliability / internal consistency coefficient	Parametric nested-data regression	Unsupervised dimensionality reduction
মৌলিক উৎস	Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research (2nd ed.). Guilford Press. ISBN: 978-1462515363	Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334.	Raudenbush, S.W. & Bryk, A.S. (2002). Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods (2nd ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-0761919049	Jolliffe, I.T. (2002). Principal Component Analysis (2nd ed.). Springer.
অপর নাম	Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi — Ölçek Doğrulama (CFA), confirmatory factor analysis, measurement model testing	coefficient alpha, alpha reliability, internal consistency reliability, Güvenilirlik Analizi (Cronbach Alpha)	HLM, MLM, multilevel modeling, multilevel analysis	Temel Bileşenler Analizi (PCA), PCA, principal components analysis, Karhunen-Loève transform
সম্পর্কিত	6	4	4	3
সারসংক্ষেপ	Confirmatory factor analysis is a measurement modelling technique that tests whether a hypothesised factor structure — typically derived from theory or an earlier exploratory analysis — fits observed data from a new sample. Developed by Karl Jöreskog in 1969, it became the dominant tool for validating psychological scales because it requires the researcher to specify in advance which items belong to which latent factor and then assesses the adequacy of that specification against explicit statistical fit criteria.	Cronbach's alpha is a coefficient of internal consistency that quantifies the degree to which a set of items on a scale measures the same underlying construct. Introduced by Lee J. Cronbach in 1951, it remains the most widely reported reliability index in social-science, health, and educational research.	Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM), also known as Multilevel Modeling (MLM), is a parametric statistical method for analyzing nested or clustered data — for example students within classrooms, patients within hospitals, or employees within organizations. Formalized by Raudenbush and Bryk in their 2002 seminal text (building on work from the mid-1980s), HLM simultaneously estimates individual-level and group-level effects while correctly partitioning variance across levels.	Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is an unsupervised dimensionality-reduction method — given its modern textbook treatment by Ian Jolliffe (2002) — that compresses high-dimensional data into fewer dimensions while preserving the maximum possible variance. It re-expresses correlated variables as a small set of uncorrelated principal components ordered by how much of the data's variation each one captures.