قارن الطرق

	التوجه الاستراتيجي (Strategic Orientation)	مقياس التوجه الريادي
المجال	الإدارة الاستراتيجية	الإدارة الاستراتيجية
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1978	1983
صاحب الطريقة	Miles and Snow; extended by Miller and Friesen	Danny Miller
النوع	Organizational self-report questionnaire	Organizational self-report questionnaire
المصدر التأسيسي	Miles, R. E., & Snow, C. C. (1978). Organizational strategy, structure, and process. McGraw-Hill.	Miller, D. (1983). The correlates of entrepreneurship in three types of firms. Management Science, 29(7), 770–791.
الأسماء البديلة	Strategic Posture Scale, Miller-Friesen Framework	EO Scale, Miller Scale
ذات صلة	5	5
الملخص	Strategic Orientation refers to the fundamental approach an organization adopts when competing in its market, encompassing its competitive strategy, market focus, and organizational design. Miles and Snow's (1978) foundational framework identifies four strategic postures: Defenders (focus on stable market segments, operational efficiency, and incremental innovation), Prospectors (pursue new market opportunities, drive innovation, accept higher risk), Analyzers (balance efficiency and innovation, serve established markets while exploring adjacent opportunities), and Reactors (lack clear strategy, respond reactively to environmental pressures). This scale operationalizes Miles and Snow's framework, revealing an organization's strategic type and fit with its environment and structure.	The Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) Scale, developed by Danny Miller (1983), measures the extent to which an organization exhibits strategic postures characteristic of entrepreneurship. It assesses three core dimensions—innovativeness, risk-taking, and proactiveness—that distinguish entrepreneurial from conservative firms. This framework has become foundational in strategic management research and organizational behavior.