قارن الطرق

	مقياس جودة الخدمة SERVQUAL	مقياس جودة الخدمة الإلكترونية E-S-QUAL
المجال	إدارة التسويق	إدارة التسويق
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1988	2005
صاحب الطريقة	A. Parasuraman, Valerie A. Zeithaml, Leonard L. Berry	A. Parasuraman, Valerie A. Zeithaml, Anantharanthan Malhotra
النوع	Multi-dimensional service quality scale	Multi-dimensional electronic service quality scale
المصدر التأسيسي	Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, L. L. (1988). SERVQUAL: A Multiple-Item Scale for Measuring Consumer Perceptions of Service Quality. Journal of Retailing, 64(1), 12-40.	Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Malhotra, A. (2005). E-S-QUAL: A Multiple-Item Scale for Assessing Electronic Service Quality. Journal of Service Research, 7(3), 213-233.
الأسماء البديلة	Service Quality Instrument, Gap Model	E-S-QUAL, Online Service Quality Scale
ذات صلة	4	3
الملخص	SERVQUAL is a 22-item, multi-dimensional scale developed by Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry in 1988 to measure consumer perceptions of service quality. It captures the gap between customer expectations and actual service performance across five core dimensions: Tangibles, Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, and Empathy. The instrument has become the most widely used tool for service quality assessment in marketing research and practice.	E-S-QUAL is a 22-item scale developed by Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Malhotra (2005) to measure service quality in electronic commerce and digital service environments. Adapting the foundational SERVQUAL dimensions to online contexts, E-S-QUAL assesses four core dimensions: Efficiency (ability to complete transactions quickly), Fulfillment (accurate order fulfillment and on-time delivery), System Availability (website uptime and technical performance), and Privacy (security of customer data and transactions). The scale captures both service delivery (how the website functions) and service recovery (how problems are handled).