قارن الطرق

	مقياس جودة الخدمة SERVQUAL	مؤشر رضا العملاء الأمريكي (ACSI)
المجال	إدارة التسويق	إدارة التسويق
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1988	1996
صاحب الطريقة	A. Parasuraman, Valerie A. Zeithaml, Leonard L. Berry	Claes Fornell, Michael D. Johnson, Eugene W. Anderson, Jaesung Cha, Barbara E. Bryant
النوع	Multi-dimensional service quality scale	Structural equation model for satisfaction and loyalty
المصدر التأسيسي	Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, L. L. (1988). SERVQUAL: A Multiple-Item Scale for Measuring Consumer Perceptions of Service Quality. Journal of Retailing, 64(1), 12-40.	Fornell, C., Johnson, M. D., Anderson, E. W., Cha, J., & Bryant, B. E. (1996). The American Customer Satisfaction Index: Nature, Purpose, and Findings. Journal of Marketing, 60(4), 7-18.
الأسماء البديلة	Service Quality Instrument, Gap Model	ACSI, National Customer Satisfaction Index
ذات صلة	4	4
الملخص	SERVQUAL is a 22-item, multi-dimensional scale developed by Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry in 1988 to measure consumer perceptions of service quality. It captures the gap between customer expectations and actual service performance across five core dimensions: Tangibles, Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, and Empathy. The instrument has become the most widely used tool for service quality assessment in marketing research and practice.	The American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI), developed by Fornell and colleagues in 1996, is a structural equation modeling-based approach to measuring and predicting customer satisfaction across industries and over time. ACSI assesses customer expectations, perceived value, perceived quality, complaints, and loyalty in a unified framework. Since 1994, ACSI data has been collected quarterly on thousands of customers across diverse U.S. industries, making it a key economic indicator and benchmark for organizational performance.