قارن الطرق

	التحيز للنشر	Systematic Review
المجال	إحصاء البحث	الكتابة الأكاديمية
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1979	1992
صاحب الطريقة	Robert Rosenthal	Cochrane Collaboration (1992)
النوع	Concept	Document Type
المصدر التأسيسي	Rosenthal, R. (1979). The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin, 86(3), 638–641.	Page, M. J., et al. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71.
الأسماء البديلة	file drawer problem, selective reporting, outcome reporting bias, funnel plot asymmetry	systematic literature review, evidence synthesis, scoping review, mapping review
ذات صلة	4	3
الملخص	Publication bias occurs when the results of a study influence whether the study is published. Typically, studies with statistically significant or positive results are more likely to be published than studies with non-significant or negative results, even if both are scientifically valid. This bias distorts the published literature, making treatments appear more effective than they actually are. Rosenthal (1979) termed this the 'file drawer problem': research with null results sits in file drawers, unpublished, creating a biased sample of published evidence. Funnel plots and statistical tests (e.g., Egger test) can detect asymmetry suggesting publication bias; meta-analyses must account for this bias.	A systematic review is a structured, transparent synthesis of all available evidence addressing a specific research question. Unlike narrative reviews, systematic reviews employ comprehensive database searches, predefined selection criteria, quality assessment, and rigorous reporting (PRISMA guideline). The Cochrane Collaboration (founded 1992) established this methodology as the gold standard for evidence synthesis in healthcare and social sciences.