قارن الطرق

	مقياس دافعية الخدمة العامة	مقياس ولاء السائح
المجال	إدارة السياحة	إدارة السياحة
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1996	2000
صاحب الطريقة	Perry, J. L.	Oppermann, M.
النوع	Self-report questionnaire	Self-report questionnaire
المصدر التأسيسي	Perry, J. L. (1996). Measuring public service motivation: An assessment of construct reliability and validity. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 6(1), 5-22.	Oppermann, M. (2000). Tourism destination loyalty. Journal of Travel Research, 39(1), 78-84.
الأسماء البديلة	PSMS, Perry PSM Scale	TLS, Destination Loyalty Scale
ذات صلة	5	5
الملخص	The Public Service Motivation Scale (PSMS), developed by Perry (1996) and refined by Kim et al. (2013), measures the intrinsic motivation of public sector employees to serve the public interest, contribute to civic good, feel compassion for others, and make self-sacrifices for collective benefit. Public service motivation (PSM) is a defining characteristic of effective public administration, predicting job satisfaction, organizational commitment, performance, and willingness to engage in prosocial behaviors. Essential for public sector recruitment, retention, and culture assessment in government agencies, tourism authorities, and civic institutions.	The Tourist Loyalty Scale (TLS) measures the extent to which visitors intend to return to a destination and recommend it to others, reflecting behavioral commitment and preference relative to competing destinations. Developed by Oppermann (2000) and refined across multiple tourism contexts, the TLS captures the ultimate outcome of satisfaction and destination image—willingness to invest time and money in repeat visitation and endorsement. As the true measure of competitive advantage in tourism, loyalty drives revenue stability, positive reputation, and ecosystem resilience.