قارن الطرق

	مقياس الأمان النفسي	مقياس القيادة التحويلية
المجال	السلوك التنظيمي	السلوك التنظيمي
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1999	1985
صاحب الطريقة	Amy C. Edmondson	Bernard M. Bass and Bruce J. Avolio
النوع	Team-level self-report questionnaire	Self-report questionnaire
المصدر التأسيسي	Edmondson, A. C. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350-383.	Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: The Free Press. ISBN: 978-0029015001
الأسماء البديلة	PSS, Team Psychological Safety Scale	TLS, MLQ, Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire
ذات صلة	5	5
الملخص	The Psychological Safety Scale (PSS), developed by Amy Edmondson in 1999, measures team members' shared perception that they can take interpersonal risks—speaking up, asking questions, admitting mistakes, proposing new ideas—without fear of embarrassment, punishment, or rejection. The 7-item scale captures a team-level construct fundamental to learning, innovation, and psychological well-being. High psychological safety predicts team performance, learning from errors, information sharing, and adaptive responses to change.	The Transformational Leadership Scale (TLS), operationalized in the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), was developed by Bass and Avolio (1985, 1991) to measure leadership styles across a continuum from transactional to transformational. Transformational leadership comprises four dimensions: idealized influence (role modeling and inspiration), inspirational motivation (articulating compelling vision), intellectual stimulation (encouraging innovation), and individualized consideration (personalized development). The scale has become foundational in organizational psychology and management research for understanding leadership effectiveness and organizational outcomes.