قارن الطرق

	التقدير المربعات الصغرى المعممة (GLS)	المربعات الصغرى العادية (OLS) مع أخطاء معيارية قوية
المجال	الإحصاء	الاقتصاد القياسي
العائلة	Regression model	Regression model
سنة النشأة	1935	1980
صاحب الطريقة	Alexander Craig Aitken	Halbert White
النوع	Linear estimator	Linear regression with robust inference
المصدر التأسيسي	Aitken, A. C. (1935). IV.—On least squares and linear combination of observations. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 55, 42–48.	White, H. (1980). A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity. Econometrica, 48(4), 817–838.
الأسماء البديلة	GLS, Aitken estimator, EGLS, feasible GLS	HC robust regression, White robust OLS, sandwich estimator OLS, OLS with robust standard errors
ذات صلة	3	6
الملخص	Generalized Least Squares (GLS) is a linear regression estimator that extends ordinary least squares to handle situations where the error terms are correlated or have non-constant variance (heteroscedasticity). Introduced by Alexander Craig Aitken in 1935, GLS achieves the Best Linear Unbiased Estimator (BLUE) under a general error covariance structure by weighting observations according to their precision, providing a theoretical bridge between OLS and modern linear mixed models.	Robust OLS applies ordinary least squares to estimate coefficients and then replaces the classical standard errors with heteroscedasticity-consistent (HC) standard errors — commonly called White standard errors. This leaves the point estimates unchanged while yielding valid t-statistics and confidence intervals even when the error variance is not constant across observations.