قارن الطرق

	تحليل البنود البايزي	Differential Item Functioning
المجال	القياس النفسي	القياس النفسي
العائلة	Latent structure	Latent structure
سنة النشأة	1990s–2000s	1970s–1993
صاحب الطريقة	Originated in Bayesian psychometrics literature, developed extensively by Jean-Paul Fox and colleagues	William H. Angoff and colleagues (ETS); systematized by Holland & Wainer
النوع	Bayesian inference / item-level diagnostics	Item-level bias detection
المصدر التأسيسي	Fox, J.-P. (2010). Bayesian Item Response Modeling: Theory and Applications. Springer.	Holland, P. W. & Wainer, H. (Eds.) (1993). Differential Item Functioning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805809589
الأسماء البديلة	BIA, Bayesian classical item analysis, Bayesian item statistics, Bayesian item-level diagnostics	DIF, item bias analysis, measurement non-equivalence, item-level measurement bias
ذات صلة	4	5
الملخص	Bayesian item analysis applies Bayesian inference to estimate item-level statistics — difficulty, discrimination, and distractor effectiveness — by combining observed response data with prior knowledge. It produces full posterior distributions over item parameters rather than single point estimates, providing richer uncertainty information especially with small samples.	Differential item functioning identifies test or survey items that behave differently for examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — after controlling for the underlying ability or trait being measured. DIF analysis is essential for fairness evaluation in educational testing and psychological scale development.