قارن الطرق

	الاستدلال البايزي	اختبار ت للعينات المستقلة	تقدير الاحتمالية القصوى
المجال	الإحصاء	الإحصاء	الإحصاء
العائلة	Bayesian methods	Hypothesis test	Regression model
سنة النشأة	1763	1908	1922
صاحب الطريقة	Thomas Bayes; Pierre-Simon Laplace	Student (W. S. Gosset)	R. A. Fisher
النوع	Probabilistic inference paradigm	Parametric mean comparison	Parametric point estimator
المصدر التأسيسي	Bayes, T. (1763). An essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 53, 370–418.	Student (1908). The probable error of a mean. Biometrika, 6(1), 1–25.	Fisher, R. A. (1922). On the mathematical foundations of theoretical statistics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A, 222, 309–368.
الأسماء البديلة	Bayes inference, Bayesian statistics, Bayesian updating, posterior inference	student t-test, two-sample t-test, unpaired t-test, bağımsız örneklem t-testi	MLE, maximum-likelihood estimator, ML estimation, Fisher's method of maximum likelihood
ذات صلة	3	4	4
الملخص	Bayesian inference is a statistical paradigm in which probability represents degrees of belief rather than long-run frequencies. It encodes prior knowledge about parameters in a prior distribution, combines that prior with the likelihood of observed data via Bayes' theorem, and produces a posterior distribution that quantifies updated uncertainty. The foundational theorem was published posthumously by Thomas Bayes in 1763 and subsequently systematized by Pierre-Simon Laplace in his 1812 Théorie analytique des probabilités.	The independent samples t-test is a parametric hypothesis test that compares the means of two independent groups to decide whether they differ significantly. It builds on the t-distribution introduced by Student (W. S. Gosset) in 1908 and assumes the measured values are continuous, approximately normally distributed, and have equal variances.	Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) is a general-purpose parametric method for estimating the unknown parameters of a statistical model by finding the parameter values that make the observed data most probable. Formalized by R. A. Fisher in his landmark 1922 paper in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, MLE has become the dominant parameter-estimation paradigm in modern statistics and is the foundational engine behind logistic regression, generalized linear models, structural equation modeling, and virtually all parametric inference procedures.