قارن الطرق

	المجهرية القوة الذرية	حيود الإلكترون للمناطق المختارة
المجال	علم المواد	علم المواد
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	1986	1913
صاحب الطريقة	Gerd Binnig	Georges Friedel
النوع	Imaging technique	Diffraction technique
المصدر التأسيسي	Binnig, G., Quate, C. F., & Gerber, C. (1986). Atomic force microscope. Physical Review Letters, 56(9), 930-933.	Williams, D. B., & Carter, C. B. (2009). Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Textbook for Materials Science (2nd ed.). Springer.
الأسماء البديلة	AFM, scanning probe microscopy, nanoindentation microscopy	SAED, electron diffraction pattern, TEM diffraction
ذات صلة	3	3
الملخص	Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is a scanning probe technique that measures nanoscale surface topography and mechanical properties by monitoring interactions between a sharp cantilever tip and a sample surface. Invented by Gerd Binnig in 1986 as an extension of scanning tunneling microscopy, AFM requires neither electrical conductivity nor vacuum operation, making it applicable to virtually any material. It provides three-dimensional topographic maps with sub-nanometer vertical resolution and lateral resolution approaching nanometers, along with simultaneous measurements of mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties.	Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) is a crystallographic technique in transmission electron microscopy that obtains electron diffraction patterns from micron-sized or sub-micron crystalline regions. Developed from fundamental principles of electron wave behavior and integrated into TEM instruments by the mid-20th century, SAED enables direct observation of reciprocal space, crystal symmetry, and defect structures with spatial resolution unattainable by X-ray diffraction. It is essential for studying local crystal structure, phase identification, and characterizing nanoscale materials.