按方法、领域与证据探索科学。

WHO-5 Well-Being Index

The WHO-5 is a 5-item screening instrument measuring current well-being over the past two weeks. Developed by the World Health Organization in 1998, it assesses positive mental health states and is widely used in both research and clinical practice to identify individuals at risk for depression. Its brevity, validity,

psychometrics

Wordfish

Wordfish is a statistical model for scaling documents on latent dimensions, developed by Slapin and Proksch (2008). Unlike reference-based methods like Wordscores, Wordfish uses a Poisson generative model to jointly estimate word frequencies and document positions without requiring reference texts or manual annotation.

psychometrics

Wordscores

Wordscores is a text-based scaling method developed by Laver, Benoit, and Garry (2003) that estimates the policy positions of political actors based on word frequencies in their texts. By comparing word usage in reference texts of known positions with test texts, the method infers the latent political dimension of any

psychotherapy research

Working Alliance Inventory

The Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) is a validated, empirically supported measure of the therapeutic alliance—the collaborative relationship between therapist and client. Developed by Horvath and Greenberg in 1989, the WAI operationalizes Bordin's tripartite model of alliance: agreement on goals, agreement on tasks, a

educational psychology

Writing Apprehension Test

The Writing Apprehension Test measures the degree of anxiety and negative affect experienced in writing situations. Developed by Daly and Miller in 1975, the WAT identifies students with writing anxiety—a prevalent barrier to academic success, particularly in college coursework where writing is extensive. Writing appre

psychiatry

Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale

The Y-BOCS is a 10-item clinician-administered scale designed to assess the severity of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms in adolescents and adults. Developed by Goodman and colleagues in 1989, it has become the gold standard severity measure and primary outcome tool in OCD research and clinical trials. The

clinical psychology

YFAS

The YFAS is a self-report questionnaire measuring symptoms of addictive-like eating behaviour in response to highly palatable foods. Developed by Gearhardt, Corbin, and Brownell in 2009, it is based on diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder and adapted to assess dependence-like symptoms related to food consumpt

psychiatry

Young Mania Rating Scale

The YMRS is an 11-item clinician-administered rating scale designed to assess the severity of manic and hypomanic symptoms in bipolar disorder. Developed by Young and colleagues in 1978, it is the gold standard outcome measure in bipolar disorder research and the primary efficacy endpoint in mood stabilizer and antipsy

clinical psychology

Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale

The Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (ZRAS), also known as the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), is a 20-item self-report measure of anxiety symptoms. Developed by William W. K. Zung in 1971, the ZRAS assesses psychological and somatic manifestations of anxiety in the past week. It is widely used for anxiety screening in