方法证据记录
First-Difference Estimator
The First-Difference (FD) estimator is a panel data method that eliminates unobserved, time-invariant individual heterogeneity by subtracting each unit's observation in period t-1 from its observation in period t. By operating on changes rather than levels, FD removes any fixed individual effect that would otherwise confound causal inference. It is widely used in labor economics, program evaluation, and applied microeconomics whenever researchers suspect persistent unobserved differences across individuals, firms, or countries.
源记录
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First-Difference Estimator (Panel)
分类方法记录 · regression-model / econometrics
- Wooldridge, J. M. (2010). Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data (2nd ed.). MIT Press. · ISBN 978-0-262-23258-8
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