方法证据记录
Declaration of Helsinki
The Declaration of Helsinki (1964) is the foundational international ethical code for medical research involving human subjects, established by the World Medical Association. It extended earlier principles (Nuremberg Code 1947) to include therapeutic research and formalized the physician's ethical duty to prioritize subject welfare. Updated nine times through 2013, it remains the standard adopted by major medical journals, research ethics committees, and regulatory bodies worldwide.
源记录
引文逐字复制自方法源记录。这些引文不代表任何层级的验证。
World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects
分类方法记录 · process-pipeline / research-ethics
- World Medical Association. (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. JAMA, 310(20), 2191–2194. · URL
- World Medical Association. (1964). Declaration of Helsinki: Recommendations Guiding Physicians in Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects. Helsinki: WMA. · URL
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