方法对比

	Worldwide Governance Indicators	New Public Management Assessment
领域	Public Administration	Public Administration
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1999	1991
提出者	Daniel Kaufmann, Aart Kraay & Massimo Mastruzzi	Christopher Hood
类型	Composite governance index	Analytical assessment framework
开创性文献	Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., & Mastruzzi, M. (2011). The Worldwide Governance Indicators: Methodology and Analytical Issues. Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, 3(2), 220–246.	Hood, C. (1991). A Public Management for All Seasons? Public Administration, 69(1), 3–19.
别名	WGI, Kaufmann-Kraay-Mastruzzi Indicators, World Bank Governance Indicators, Aggregate Governance Indicators	NPM Assessment, Managerialism Assessment, Public Management Reform Analysis, Hood NPM Doctrine Analysis
相关	4	4
摘要	The Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) are a long-running World Bank project that measures the quality of governance across more than two hundred countries on six dimensions: voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law, and control of corruption. Developed by Daniel Kaufmann, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi from 1999, the WGI combine hundreds of underlying variables from dozens of survey and expert sources using a statistical unobserved-components model. The result is a set of comparable scores, each accompanied by an explicit margin of error, published on the World Bank's governance portal.	New Public Management (NPM) assessment evaluates how far a public organisation or system has adopted the cluster of managerial reform doctrines that swept the public sector from the 1980s — and with what effects. Christopher Hood's 1991 article A Public Management for All Seasons? gave NPM its name and identified its core doctrines: hands-on professional management, explicit performance standards, output controls, disaggregation into units, competition, private-sector management styles, and discipline in resource use. The assessment scores adoption of these doctrines, evaluates their effects, and appraises the trade-offs against enduring public-service values such as equity and accountability.