方法对比

	Waterlow 压力损伤风险评估量表	Clinical Frailty Scale	Katz日常生活活动独立性指数 (ADL)
领域	护理学	护理学	护理学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1985	2005	1963
提出者	Judy Waterlow	Kenneth Rockwood	Sidney Katz
类型	Clinician-rated risk assessment tool	Clinician-rated frailty assessment	Clinician-rated or observational functional assessment
开创性文献	Waterlow, J. (1985). A risk assessment tool for pressure sores. Nursing Times, 81(48), 49-55.	Rockwood, K., Song, X., MacKnight, C., et al. (2005). A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. CMAJ, 173(5), 489-495.	Katz, S., Ford, A. B., Moskowitz, R. W., Jackson, B. A., & Jaffe, M. W. (1963). Studies of Illness in the Aged: The Index of ADL, a standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function. JAMA, 185(12), 914-919.
别名	Waterlow Scale, Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment, Waterlow Score	CFS, Frailty Scale, Clinical Frailty Assessment	Katz Index, Katz ADL Scale, Index of ADL
相关	3	3	3
摘要	The Waterlow Pressure Injury Risk Assessment Scale, developed by Judy Waterlow in 1985, is a widely used clinical tool in nursing for identifying patients at risk of developing pressure injuries (formerly called pressure ulcers or bedsores). The scale evaluates multiple risk factors including age, mobility, skin condition, weight/body mass index, appetite, and incontinence status, generating a numerical risk score that guides preventive care intensity. It is standard in hospital, long-term care, and community nursing settings across the United Kingdom, Europe, and internationally.	The Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS), developed by Kenneth Rockwood and colleagues in 2005, is a brief, validated tool for assessing frailty in older adults. Frailty—a syndrome of diminished physiologic reserve, increased vulnerability, and reduced functional ability—is recognized as a distinct clinical state that predicts mortality, disability, and healthcare utilization independent of age and comorbidities. The CFS uses a seven-point (or nine-point in later versions) clinical judgment-based scale, making it practical and rapid for bedside use in hospitals, clinics, and long-term care.	The Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living, developed by Sidney Katz and colleagues in 1963, is one of the earliest and most widely used tools for assessing functional status in older adults and persons with chronic illness. The scale evaluates six essential self-care activities (bathing, dressing, toileting, transfer, continence, feeding) through direct observation or interview and assigns an overall grade (A through G) reflecting the degree of independence. It remains a foundational instrument in geriatric assessment, rehabilitation medicine, and long-term care settings.