方法对比

	Visitor-Employed Photography	Destination Competitiveness Index
领域	Tourism	Tourism Recreation
方法族	Process / pipeline	MCDM
起源年份	1983	2003
提出者	Geoffrey Cherem & B. L. Driver	J. R. Brent Ritchie & Geoffrey I. Crouch
类型	Participant-generated visual data-collection and analysis technique	Multi-attribute composite index of destination competitiveness
开创性文献	Cherem, G. J., & Driver, B. L. (1983). Visitor Employed Photography: A Technique to Measure Common Perceptions of Natural Environments. Journal of Leisure Research, 15(1), 65-83.	Ritchie, J. R. B., & Crouch, G. I. (2003). The Competitive Destination: A Sustainable Tourism Perspective. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing. ISBN: 9780851996646
别名	VEP, Participant-Generated Photography, Visitor Photo Elicitation, Tourist-Generated Imagery Analysis	Ritchie-Crouch Competitiveness Model, Tourism Destination Competitiveness Index, Crouch-Ritchie Competitiveness Framework
相关	4	3
摘要	Visitor-employed photography (VEP) is a participant-generated visual method in which visitors themselves take photographs of what is meaningful, appealing or notable to them in a setting, and the resulting images, together with the visitors' own explanations, become the research data. Introduced by Cherem and Driver (1983) to measure common perceptions of natural environments, VEP hands the camera to the visitor rather than relying on researcher-chosen images or words alone, capturing place perception through the visitor's own eyes. In tourism it has become a key tool for studying destination image, as MacKay and Couldwell (2004) demonstrated by using VEP to investigate how visitors actually picture a site and how that compares with official promotional imagery. By combining what visitors photograph with why, VEP yields a visitor-centred, relatively unobtrusive window onto how people see and value places.	The Destination Competitiveness Index operationalizes the Ritchie-Crouch model, the most influential conceptual framework for understanding why some tourism destinations outperform others. Crouch and Ritchie argued in 1999, and elaborated in their 2003 book The Competitive Destination, that a destination's ability to attract visitors and deliver lasting prosperity depends on a structured set of determinants: core resources and attractors, supporting factors and resources, destination management, destination policy and planning, and qualifying and amplifying determinants that set the ceiling on what is achievable. The index turns this framework into a multi-attribute composite: each destination is scored on attributes within each determinant, the attributes are weighted by importance, and the weighted scores are aggregated into an overall competitiveness score that can be benchmarked against rival destinations to reveal where advantage is won or lost.