方法对比

	Value Conflict Measurement	Schwartz Value Survey
领域	政治心理学	政治心理学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1986	1992
提出者	Philip Tetlock; Stanley Feldman & John Zaller	Shalom H. Schwartz
类型	Measurement of value conflict in political reasoning	Self-report values survey
开创性文献	Tetlock, P. E. (1986). A Value Pluralism Model of Ideological Reasoning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(4), 819-827.	Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 1-65.
别名	Value Pluralism Measurement, Political Ambivalence Measurement, Value Trade-off Measurement, Conflicting Considerations Measure	SVS, Schwartz Theory of Basic Values, Portrait Values Questionnaire
相关	3	4
摘要	Value conflict measurement quantifies the tension citizens feel when an issue pits two values they both cherish against each other, and traces its cognitive consequences. Philip Tetlock's value pluralism model holds that people reason in integratively complex ways precisely when an issue activates conflicting values they regard as important and roughly equal in weight. Stanley Feldman and John Zaller showed that this conflict, between values such as equality and economic individualism over the welfare state, produces ambivalence: opinions built from opposing considerations that are unstable and sensitive to how questions are framed. Together these approaches measure value conflict and link it to complexity, ambivalence, and the instability of political attitudes.	The Schwartz Value Survey (SVS) operationalizes Schwartz's (1992) theory of basic human values, which identifies ten (later refined to nineteen) motivationally distinct values organized in a circular structure along two axes: openness to change versus conservation, and self-enhancement versus self-transcendence. It is the most widely used cross-cultural values instrument and underlies much research on the value basis of political ideology.